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instruments in a capelle Publicado en la Revista Ulises, Ed. Liebre de Marzo (enero 2005)

Introducción
Desde tiempos remotos, desde la propia existencia del mundo y del hombre, la música, ha estado presente. La música ha sido y será para el hombre un instrumento de socialización, un lenguaje poderoso, asociado muchas veces a la magia o a lo sobrenatural. De alguna forma da la sensación, que la música existe, por encima del hombre, que sencillamente es un lenguaje que hemos adaptado y desarrollado, porque nos ayuda a vivir, nos conecta con lo trascendente y obtenemos, información, sugestión y amor. Todo a través del aire que se desplaza, sutilmente empujado por las ondas. Gracias a nuestra atmósfera podemos oír música, gracias a nuestro planeta, podemos tener un altavoz gigante, que permite mejorar nuestras vidas, en muchísimos aspectos.
En aquellas primeras edades, en que el hombre investigaba, con suma curiosidad el mundo, la música se asoció rápidamente como un elemento de poder. Así es como la música se fue desarrollando con el tiempo, porque lejos de ser solamente un placer, la música es uno de los elementos básicos en cualquier tipo de ritualización.
Para ello son precisos instrumentos arcaicos. Instrumentos que sin ningún tipo de amplificación artificial, sumerjan al escuchante al mundo de lo trascendente y al mundo de lo mágico.
Sonidos fundamentales que nos envuelven de harmónicos poderosos, que modifican nuestra la vibración energética y la del mundo. Algunos de los instrumentos como el didjeridoo, la flauta o la voz, fueron rápidamente conocidos y desarrollados por nuestros ancestros.
Hoy un nuevo campo de instrumentos arquetípicos se abre a la evolución, para seguir mejorando su vibración. Es pues muy importante que los utilicemos y desarrollemos pues la vibración es pura, es música curativa, tan necesaria hoy, en un entorno tan lleno de basura acústica, que provoca tantas y tantas interferencias.
He aquí una lista de instrumentos arcaicos, unos milenarios incluso anteriores al hombre (como el didjeridoo) y otros tan nuevos y apetecibles que os sumergirán en un mundo de nuevas sensaciones.

Natxo Tarrés
Flauta doble
Podemos encontrar flautas dobles de distintos tipos en todo el mundo. El principio básico de este instrumento es que está compuesto por dos flautas a ser tocadas al mismo tiempo. Las podemos encontrar unidas o separadas, con multitud de escaleras y posibilidades musicales distintas, según su procedencia, origen y tradición en su uso.
Encontramos referencias del uso de la flauta doble esparcidas desde el lejano Oriente hasta Europa Central, en la Grecia helénica (foto comparsa), y también en Meso América, y en distintos países donde reside la tradición Sufi (cómo en Pakistán o Turquía), dónde se utiliza este instrumento desde tiempos remotos. Podemos diferenciar entre dos grandes grupos o concepciones distintas de estos instrumentos, según sus características técnicas como instrumento, y en cómo se utilizan:
Las Mesoamericanas y las Orientales. También cabe ser destacado el símbolo que ha representado para las distintas culturas, y un aspecto técnico añadido en la manera de interpretar en este instrumento.
Mesoamericana.
La capacidad de poder producir sonido biológico, que se le atribuye a las flautas dobles, es el principio básico de este aspecto que le añade calidad terapéutica al sonido (foto flauta antropomorfa), ya que al tocar los dos tubos de distintas longitudes, solapamos dos tonos casi iguales, pero no idénticos, produciendo batimientos en el sonido, efecto que reproduce la naturaleza, como pasa con las Ranas de Barro de Yaxchilán. Estas flautas, producidas en barro y con formas antropomorfas, y de las cuales han derivado las ocarinas, son apropiadas para ser tocadas rítmicamente, con sonidos solapados y entrecortados. En la actualidad grupos con reminiscencias étnicas la utilizan para añadir un toque de color, y efecto de la llamada de la
naturaleza, a su música.
Oriental. Una de las flautas produce una nota constante o pedal, que representa lo masculino, y la otra es melódica, tipo flauta dulce, y simboliza lo femenino. El aspecto característico del uso que añaden las tradiciones orientales en general, al tocar la flauta doble, es que esta es utilizada con la técnica de la respiración circular, hecho que permite hacerla sonar continuamente, durante tiempo ilimitado. Esto requiere un control avanzado de la técnica de la respiración circular, aspecto técnico utilizado por distintos músicos de instrumentos de viento que tocan
instrumentos como el didjeridú, la trompeta o el saxofón, dónde utilizamos distintos recursos (como la respiración diafragmática o de plexo, y circular), para utilizar la caja torácica a modo de la bolsa de aire de una gaita.

Kotamo

Fusión de tres instrumentos: Koto, tanpura y monocordio. Este excelente encuentro de instrumentos de cuerda del mundo, hacen que el kotamo sea uno de los instrumentos más útiles en el campo de la musicoterapia. Consiste de estos tres instrumentos unidos en una misma caja de resonancia y puede estar construido con distintos materiales. Su tamaño, y la disposición de cada instrumento dentro del kotamo, permiten que pueda ser tocado de 1 a 3 personas al mismo tiempo.
Por un lado tenemos el monocordio, instrumento inventado por Pitágoras, compuesto por un número variable de cuerdas afinadas al mismo tono: Esto produce que todas las cuerdas entren en resonancia con solo tocar una, haciendo desprender gran cantidad de sonidos armónicos, ubicados a lo largo de las cuerdas. Al tocarlo deslizando los dedos por encima de las cuerdas creamos una atmósfera ligera pero infinita, que produce un efecto armonizante. Este efecto lo podemos apreciar corporalmente en la versión “cama” o “silla” con monocordio, donde nos incorporamos sobre la caja de resonancia del instrumento. Y por el otro lado tenemos la tampura o tamboura, que es el instrumento hindú de acompañamiento por excelencia, de 4 o 5 cuerdas
según sea hembra o macho. Proporciona una base sólida y expansible a cualquier estructura musical, y con la cantidad de sonidos armónicos que desprende, la hacen optima para ser tocada con otros instrumentos ricos en armónicos como el didjeridú, la tabla, el sitar o el koto, el otro instrumento componente del kotamo. El koto, situado en la misma cara, al lado de la tampura, es un arpa tradicional japonesa, que puede ser tocada percutiendo las cuerdas con sticks o pinzándolas con los dedos. Es la parte melódica que completa esta formidable trilogía.

Didjeridú/didgeridoo
El ancestral instrumento de los aborígenes australianos, el didjeridú (originariamente llamado yrdaki), es bién conocido por sus connotaciones arcaicas y usos rituales. Con el sonido grave y constante junto a la riqueza de armónicos que se desprenden, en el latir y la profundidad del didjeridú, nos daremos cuenta de que nos encontramos ante un instrumento insólito por sus cualidades, complejo y al mismo tiempo muy símple.
Ya en tiempos remotos los aborigenes hacian uso de la propiedades del didjeridú, como símbolo cultural e identificativo de su procedéncia, para ritualizar, en distintos contextos, las bases de su existéncia. Usado ancestralmente como objeto de mimetización teatral con el entorno, como acompañamiento de la voz y también como instrumento solista. Dentro de los clanes aborigenes, y todavía hoy en día, denota distinción en el rango o casta de las capacidades del músico que lo toca. Generación tras generación es transmitido un sistema propio de ser tocados por los clanes en cuya procedéncia tiene sus origenes el didjeridú, en el Noreste de Arnemland (Territorio del Norte, Australia). Estos remíten físicamente el sonido, de padres a hijos, de maestro a alumno, con tal de transmitir el conocimiento en las complejas técnicas utilizadas para tocarlo.
Las connotaciones arcaicas y el característico sonido del didjeridú lo convierten en un instrumento óptimo para la musicoterápia; tanto para el que toca, que puede utilizarlo como instrumento para guiar sus meditaciones, por el echo de que tenemos que observar constantemente el sistema respiratorio, como para el que escucha. Podemos inducir a estados de relajación profunda, al mismo tiempo que guiámos el viage y sus dinámicas a través del ritmo y la respiración, pudiéndo utilizar el sonido para masajear el cuerpo de un paciente a nivel físico y energetico, desbloqueando tensiones musculares, contribuyendo positivamente a la reparación de fracturas oseas y aumentando el nivel de antropía en el cuerpo.

Hang
Este “platillo volante” suizo, de la serie Pang, perteneciente a la casa PanArt, no deja indiferente a nadie de los que escuchan su sonido. Es un instrumento de percusión metálico, a modo del clásico steeldrum caribeño, pero invertido y con doble chapa, a ser tocado con las manos, pudiendo ser apoyado en las piernas (sentados), o con un soporte. Al estar cerrado con esta doble chapa, con una apertura central en la parte inferior, disponemos de un sonido con muchos bajos al golpear con la palma en la parte central. Su fascinante concepción sónica, que nos
remite a la calidez de la música caribeña, con un toque innovador e incluso futurista, de seguro que hará que el hang gane terreno en los campos de las nuevas músicas.

Gong Sinfónico
Si queremos hablar del gong sinfónico, indiscutiblemente tendremos que fijarnos en los creadores de éste: Paiste. Está casa alemana especializada en instrumentos de percusión (en especial metales), hizo en su momento un riguroso estudio de trabajo de campo, contrastando y aprendiendo de las distintas culturas del Sur Este Asiático que usan el gong desde hace 4000 años. No obstante podemos encontrar de distintos tipos según su procedencia.
Al arte de confección de un gong, sabiduría transmitida de generación en generación a lo largo de los tiempos, se le ha atribuido poderes mágicos, y solo algunas familias sabían como hacerlos. Una secreta aleación de metales, junto con multitud de “golpes” (esparcidos de una forma muy concreta alrededor del centro del gong), proveen al gong sinfónico de posibilidades
ilimitadas, por su especial timbre armónico, característica sensibilidad de vibración, al mismo tiempo que un fuerte y poderoso sonido.
Su uso ha ido ritualizado des de los inicios, hasta hoy en día: Utilizado para ritos en momentos de traspaso como funerales o celebraciones, teatro, música, con un fuerte significando para las
culturas asiáticas, dónde hoy en día la alta cultura lo utiliza cómo instrumento de orquestra. También se usa en las orquestras europeas desde 1970, cuando grupos pertenecientes a la psicodélia, como los Pink Floyd, también lo incorporaron en sus trabajos.
Actualmente también se utiliza como instrumento en el campo de la musicoterápia, por el fuerte efecto que ejerce sobre la mente y el cuerpo. En la metodología desarrollada por el psiquiatra alemán Peter Hess, El Ritual del Gong, el gong, junto con el monocordio, la tampura, la tabla, el didjeridú, y la percusión oceánica, nos permite acceder a niveles profundos de la conciencia, reviviendo recuerdos asociados con las matrices perinatales: Primeras fases de la existencia en el utero materno y proceso de parto. Es un instrumento muy útil en el campo de la meditación, ya que su sonido provoca un estado modificado de la conciencia instantáneo; no obstante, por esta misma razón, y para que el uso sea terapéutico, deberá ser usado en un marco controlado, con finalidades terapéuticas, y que permita integrar la experiencia vivida.

Sansula
Nuevo instrumento, rediseñado por Hokema, a partir del instrumento tradicional africano kalimba o embira. Este tipo de metalófono de mano, a diferencia del africano que utiliza un coco como caja de resonancia, sujeta el piezo encima de un parche sintético, y deja al descubierto la parte inferior. Tiene un sonido muy claro y definido, metálico y con muchos armónicos. Es un  instrumento muy sensible al tacto y hace difícil para el que escucha, ubicar la procedencia del sonido, haciendo posible crear atmósferas y efectos, además de melodías, y, al poderse abrir y cerrar el espacio de resonancia, permite crear efectos de wha-wha. Posee un sonido cálido y agradable, con recuerdos de cajita de música, evocador de maternidad, dulzura y ternura, haciéndolo un instrumento óptimo para completar procesos de trance, y las fases de integración de estos.


Joel Olivé

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R.I.P.
Tuvan throat-singing, or Khoomei, is the area with which I have the most extensive experience. While I am familiar with other types of harmonic singing and chant, the main focus of this page will be Tuvan. You can find some information/links about other regions below.All styles of Tuvan Khoomei involve controlled tension in and manipulation of the diaphragm, throat, and mouth. However, there are great differences between the different types of throat-singing; for example, some styles are multiphonic whereas other styles are not. Even this description must take into consideration the hearing, or conditioned hearing of the listener as much as the intention and execution of the singer.There is no real consensus on Khoomei categories; this is a complicated issue due to a number of confusing factors. For one thing, affecting western scholars, there have to date been very few texts about Khoomei in Western European languages. The most commonly cited source when I began my research in the early 1990s was translated from Tuvan Folk Music, a book published in 1964 by A. N. Aksenov, a Russian composer who surveyed Tuvan Khoomei styles in the 1940-50s. More recently, there have been such resources such as Mark van Tongeren's quite interesting Overtone Singing, various CD liners of varying quality and accuracies, and WWW sites such as my own Khoomei.com, which also vary greatly in worth.There are major discrepancies between Aksenov's descriptions and other older sources, and those of other more contemporary observers, and several plausible explanations. One is that Aksenov's survey of Tuvan styles was limited in scope, though he was a highly educated and skilled composer and musician, who seemed to take his research most seriously. Although a definite factor, it is also apparent that there has been an appreciable development and metamorphosis of common Khoomei styles since Aksenov's time. Also, many performances now include mixtures of styles much more extensively than in the past. Whereas many singers in the old days tended to sing mostly in one or two styles, and there was greater regional differentiation, many modern singers perform in numerous styles, hybrids, and develop their own takes on "the classics."So, although there is no widespread agreement, many contemporary Khoomei cognoscenti designate three or five major styles:1. Khoomei2. Kargyraa3. Sygyt4. Borbangnadyr5. EzengileerAs noted below, #4 and 5, Borbangnadyr and Ezengileer are sometimes considered to be proper styles, and sometimes to be ornamentations added to Khoomei, Kargyraa, or Sygyt. I would add to the top of the list Xorekteer, as it underlies most of the various styles.All video examples are QuickTime movies. Click here to get QuickTime (available for Mac and PC).All movies are © Steve Sklar/Skysong Productions, Inc. and may NOT be copied or distributed without consent. All Rights Reserved.Please Note: If you don't have QT Pro and want to save the videos, then either R click (PCs) or Option Click (Mac) and do a Save to Disk, then view the .mov file from your hard drive. If you have QT Pro, then you can view the videos from within your browser, and save them from there. If you view them from within your web browser, I recommend configuring the browser to view them using the QT plugin, as this lets you begin viewing as the files download.Coming soon: MP3 examples...Xorekteer means singing with the chest voice... Now, this can be confusing to beginners: What does "chest voice" mean? And why isn't it the "throat voice?" This term can carry several meanings. It can be used, like khoomei, to mean ALL THROAT-SINGING, in any style. It can also be used as a metaphor for "with feeling," as in "more heart." Plus, it can refer both to the feeling of pressure one feels when throat-singing, and also to chest resonance, which is obvious in person but not on recordings.In its common sonic sense, "Chest voice" has a totally different meaning than the western vocal context, and the two should not be confused. Those familiar with Tuvan music have noticed that often entire songs are sung with this voice. It usually serves as the springboard to launch into khoomei style and sygyt. Here is an excellent example in MP3 format, the song, Kombu* This solo by Kaigal-ool of Huun-Huur-Tu (accompanying himself on doshpuluur) demonstrates perfectly the characteristic sound of the Xorekteer voice, with its hard, bright tone, and he uses it as a launching pad to sing khoomei, sygyt, and kargyraa.Khoomei is not only the generic name given to all throat-singing styles, but also to a particular style of singing. Khoomei is a soft-sounding style, with clear but diffused-sounding harmonics above a fundamental usually within the low-mid to midrange of the singer's voice. In Khoomei style, there are 2 or more notes clearly audible.Compared to Xovu Kargyraa or sygyt (see below), the stomach remains fairly relaxed, and there is less laryngeal tension than harder-sounding Sygyt. The tongue remains seated quietly between the lower teeth. The pitch of the melodic harmonic is selected by moving the root of the tongue and the attached epiglottis as in my "Yuh!" technique (see Lesson 1). On the upper illustration below, the epiglottis is seen as the light-colored projection rising from the root of the tongue. It is to the right of the hypopharynx, also referred to as the laryngopharynx.Phrasing and ornamentation come from a combination of throat movements and lip movements. Lips generally form a small "O." The combination of lip, mouth and throat manipulations make a wide spectrum of tones and effects possible. Video Demonstration: Kaigal-ool KhovalygKargyraa is usually performed low in the singer's range. There are two major styles of Kargyraa, Mountain (dag) and Steppe (xovu). Both feature an intense croaking tone, very rich in harmonics. This technique is related technically to Tibetan harmonic chanting.NOTHING feels like Kargyraa; you really feel a "mouthful of sound." The term refers to all styles of singing which simultaneously use both the vocal and ventricular folds inside the larynx, as dual sound-sources. See the lower illustration below, The Larynx. When the larynx is constricted slightly just above the level of the vocal folds while the vocal folds are engaged, the ventricular folds will usually resonate, producing the second sound source. The ventricular folds' fundamental vibrates at half the speed of the vocal folds, producing the extra sound one octave lower than the usual voice. The ventricular folds also produce many midrange and upper harmonics. While not yet proved, I suspect that each set of folds produces its own harmonic series, which intereact and are affected by the formants of the vocal system. Careful listeners will note the "constant" sound produced by the vocal folds, and a periodical, pulsating complex of sounds created by the ventricular folds. Kargyraa often sounds more traditional, or authentic, when the vocal folds are in Xorekteer mode, as above, and when the sound is somewhat restrained, rather than freely exiting the mouth.Kargyraa is the one Tuvan style that I know of that is closely linked to vowel sounds; in addition to various throat manipulations, the mouth varies from a nearly closed "O" shape to nearly wide open. Except for the throat technique, this style is vaguely related to western overtone singing styles that use vowels and mouth shapes to affect the harmonic content. However, unlike most western styles, there is no dependable correlation between the vowel and the pitch. Generally, western overtone singers link pitch to the vowel, so that "ooo" gives the lowest harmonic, and rise in pitch from "ooo" to "o" to "ah" to "a" to "ee," and so on. In Kargyraa, an "ah" can be higher than "a", etc.Dag (Mountain) Kargyraa is usually the lower of the styles in pitch, and often includes nasal effects; this sometimes sounds like oinking! It should feature strong low-chest resonance, and not too much throat tension. Video Demonstration: Alden-ool SevekXovu (Steppe) Kargyraa is usually sung at a higher pitch, with more throat tension and less chest resonance. It also has a generally raspier sound. Video Demonstration (with other styles, see at about :53) Kaigal-ool KhovalygSygyt is usually based on a mid-range fundamental. It is characterized by a strong, even piercing, harmonic or complex of harmonics above the "fundamental," and can be used to perform complex and very distinct melodies, with a tone similar to a flute. The ideal sound is called "Chistii Zvuk," Russian for clear sound. Part of achieving this ideal is learning to filter out unwanted harmonic components. Video Demonstration (also with Xorekteer and Borbangnadyr): Gennadi TumatFor sygyt, you must increase the tension a bit at the same place as in khoomei. The tongue rises and seals tightly all around the gums, just behind the teeth. A small hole is left on one side or the other, back behind the molars, then you direct the sound between the teeth (which produces sharpening effect) and the cheek towards the front of the mouth. With your lips, form a "bell" as in a clarinet or oboe, but not centered; rather off just a bit to the side of your mouth where you direct the sound from that hole in the back. You change pitch with the same technique as khoomei, as in my 'Yuh!" technique (see Lesson 1), and the rest of the tongue moves slightly to accommodate this action. The raised tongue serves as a filter to remove more of the lower harmonics, and in sygyt, it is possible to nearly remove the fundamental.Borbangnadyr is not really a style in quite the same sense as sygyt, kargyraa, or khoomei, but rather a combination of effects applied to one of the other styles. The name comes from the Tuvan word for rolling, and this style features highly acrobatic trills and warbles, reminiscent of birds, babbling brooks, etc. While the name Borbangnadyr is currently most often used to describe a warbling applied to sygyt, Sygyttyng Borbangnadyr, it is also applied to some lower-pitched singing styles, especially in older texts. Video Demonstration: Oleg KuularEzengileer comes from a word meaning "stirrup," and features rhythmic harmonic oscillations intended to mimic the sound of metal stirrups clinking to the beat of a galloping horse. The most common element is the "horse-rhythm" of the harmonics, produced by a rhythmic opening-and-closing of the velum. The velum is the opening between the pharynx and the nasal sinuses. See the upper illustration, The Pharynx. The velum is not named, but is located just to the right of the soft palate, between the nasopharynx and oropharynx. Or, if you prefer, you will recognize it as the location of Postnasal Drip. Video Demonstration: German KuularSome other categories include:Chilandyk is a mixture of Kargyraa and Sygyt. One usually begins with the Kargyraa voice, and then uses Sygyt technique to add a harmonic melody. If one can sing both Kargyraa and Sygyt then Chilandyk is not too difficult; what is challenging is maintaining the base pitch in tune while singing the Sygyt melody. Whew! Chilandyk is named for the Tuvan word meaning "cricket," and there is a definite cricket-like quality when sung in a high Kargyraa voice.Dumchuktaar means to sing through the nose (dumchuk). This may mean exclusively nasal with the mouth shut, or may just mean a voice exhibiting an obvious nasal sound. This is especially common in Ezengileer and some forms of dag (mountain) kargyraa, and some singers always sing this way, regardless of style. Video Demonstration (Dag Kargyraa): Gen-DosNasal singing is common among western overtone singers. It is commonly believed that the directing sound through the nasal sinuses enhances the high harmonics. However, my observations indicate that the increased high harmonic components are not the major melodic frequencies in styles such as sygyt and khoomei, and also that open nasal passages provide a passage for some lower frequencies that might be better filtered out.To control the amount of nasal sound in your voice you must gain control of the velum, as in ezengileer, above. You can feel the velum open when you sing and then close your mouth. The sound will then exit the nose, via the velum and sinuses. To feel the velum closing, sing a sustained note with your mouth closed. Try to stop the sound without moving your tongue (keep it down in the back of the mouth and don't jam it back into the upper throat to stop the sound. And don't pinch-off your nose! If you can stop the sound, you will have isolated the velum. When closing it while sounding, you may feel it push up by the airflow. Once you've isolated the velum, work on developing its use. Practice opening and closing it rhythmically, even practicing, say, triplets or dotted eighth notes. Also, experiment with opening it in degrees, not just opened-and-closed.On the first illustration below, the velum, unmarked, is located between the nasopharynx and oropharynx, just to the right of the soft palate.Tibetan ChantThe low multiphonic chordal of the Tibetan monk's chanting style is related to kargyraa, with a low fundamental often in the 80 Hz range. The sound is produced by the combination of the vocal and ventricular folds. The larynx is typically held low in the throat, conducive to low tone due partially due to extendind the air column. The lips are extended and nearly closed, also lengthening the air column and serving as a filter to remove the upper overtones. Other fine details vary among individuals, as well as, to a degree, different monastic traditions. The monks most widely known for their multiphonic chanting, known by various names such as Yang, Dzho-Kay, and others, are the Gyume and Gyuto. I have heard others, too, such as the Drepung Loseling monks and others.It can be difficult finding reliable information regarding more specific details about the monks' chanting styles. In fact, in my experience, there is more disinformation regarding this cultural variety than any other. If you hear stories about developing this type of voice, and they sound bizarre, and some do, ignore them and don't try them. Also, while there are often claims cited by outsiders regarding the need to attain certain high levels of spiritual attainment, the evidence in my experience casts doubts. Of course, I cannot deny the possibility that some such spritual development might lead someone to subsequntly aquire the voice. Tran Quang Hai has an interesting piece on Tibetan Chant. Video Demonstration: Myself, with Drepung-Loseling monksOther Types of Throat-Singing and Overtone SingingThroat singing is found in other parts of the world. Some are very similar to Tuvan styles, and others are not. Here are some of them:Mongolia Besides Tuva, Mongolia is the most active center of throat-singing. Many styles, very related to Tuvan singing. Try Michael Ormiston's site, with lots of infoKhakassia: Just northwest from Tuva, the art is called Khai (or Xai). There are 2 videos of Khai singers at the khoomei.com video page.Altai This republic directly west of Tuva is home to Kai singing. Here's an MP3 by the group, AltKai.Bashkortostan In this southern Ural Mountain republic, the regional throat-singing is called Uzlyau. I have a recording of uzlyau performer Robert Zigritdinov, which I'll eventually digitize. He does appear on van Tongeren's book/CD. The performers sometimes simultaneously play flute and sing, as in Mongolia. This is an unusual tradition, as several researchers mention that performers often don't know any other performers, or teachers. The means of transmission is therefore quite vague.Umngqokolo Umqang This Xhosa variant is perfomed by women, and sounds very deep and unique. There is very little documentation available, but I have seen a video by South African Ethnomusicologist David Dargie which if I recall correctly, mentioned shamanic connections. Here's a MP3Inuit "throat-singing" is a very different vocal art than the others included here, and is not multiphonic. However, it does sometimes use similar vocal timbres which often include the use of both the vocal and ventricular folds (I believe). And, as in the case of the Tibetan monks, it is not true "singing." It sometimes involve the unsual technique of vocalizing on alternating inhalation/exhalations. Here is an article with an interview with Inuit throat-singer Evie Mark, and a video sample of Evie and Sarah Beaulne. I'm not sure if this tradition extends to other areas of the Arctic.From Widipedia: The Ainu of Japan had throat singing, called rekkukara, until 1976 when the last practitioner died. It resembled more the Inuit variety than the Mongolian. If this technique of singing emerged only once and then in the Old World, the move from Siberia to northern Canada must have been over Bering Strait land bridge some 12,000 years ago.Inuit Throat Singing: When the men are away on a hunting trip, the women left at home entertain themselves with games, which may involve throat singing. Two women face each other usually in a standing position. One singer leads by setting a short rhythmic pattern, which she repeats leaving brief silent intervals between each repetition. The other singer fills in the gap with another rhythmic pattern. Usually thecompetition lasts up to three minutes until one of the singers starts to laugh or is left breathless. At one time the lips of the two women almost touched, so that one singer used the mouth cavity of the other as a resonator, but this isn't so common today. Often the singing is accompanied by a shuffling in rhythm from one foot to the other. The sounds may be actual words or nonsense syllables or created during exhalation.New World Terms: The name for throat singing in Canada varies with the geography:• Northern Quebec - katajjaq• Baffin Island - pirkusirtuk• Nunavut - nipaquhiitThe Indians in Alaska have lost the art and those in Greenland evidently never developed it.Rajasthan, India This is a very interesting example of a unique, peculiar and non-traditional development, as there is no such custom here. The anonymous singer learned to overtone sing by imitating the local double-flutes. MP3USA - 1920s - The legendary and obscure Arthur Miles was an American cowboy singer who, apparently, also independently developed his own overtone singing style. He also sang in normal voice, yodeled, and played guitar. Almost nothing is know of him or his influences, but the dates of his recordings, believed to be about 1928-29, make him one of the earliest overtone singers ever recorded! Lonely Cowboy Part 1 Lonely Cowboy Part 2 Thanks to John (quaern from the Yahoo group)You can find more info on some of these in Mark van Tongeren's Overtone SingingVideosThis video identifies some parts of the interior larynx.Ever wonder how videos of the inside of the larynx are made? See this video about fibroscopy, used to make endoscopic videos.Some Throat-Singing Tips:• Go easy! When learning you'll be using your anatomy in new ways. Don't sing too loud, too long, or too often; use common sense!• Dry throat? Here's the cure that I developed: All of us suffer from time to time the effects of dry throat. Whatever the cause, whether dry climate, air conditioning or heat, colds, allergies, medications, or nerves, it can be difficult to remedy. The usual "remedy" is to drink some water. This will help to moisten the mouth, but the water will be directed by the epiglottis away from the larynx and respiratory system. Drinking lots of water may offer some help, due to general rehydration of the body, but often will fail to adequately hydrate the vocal system's mucus membranes. Here’s a technique I developed to remedy this problem, which for some reason some of my students call "The Human Bong Trick:"1. Take a good mouthful of water.2. Extend the lips to a point.3. Leaving a small hole, face the floor and inhale through the water. The air will bubble through the water, becoming moist, and deliver this moisture to the surface of the interior of the larynx, trachea, and lungs in an effective and non-irritating manner. (Editors note: Try this next time you are on an airplane. It is a great antidote to dry cabin air. Just be careful not to suck water into your lungs.)4. Do this for a minute or two, and you will feel a great improvement in both comfort and voice!"I'll try do produce a video demonstrating this hydrating technique. Stay tuned!• Musical Tip: Remember that any technique or action that changes any sonic parameter, including pitch, tone, texture, etc., can be manipulated in time to produce rhthyms.• If you attempt to learn kargyraa too low in your vocal range, you have nowhere to go. You need to start in your low midrange, and when you correctly engage both sets of folds the sound will "drop an octave."• If you are having trouble getting the basic kargyraa voice, try singing it with your mouth shut. The velum will open, allowing you to sing through your nose. The smaller outlet produces back-pressure, which helps many folks to get the sound.• To strengthen the kargyraa sound, and to make it easier to "get fresh" each time, practice alternating the sound like flipping a switch: With the vocal folds engaged producing a sustained tone, repeatedly engage and release the ventricular folds.• Make sure that your mouth is open at least enough that you can hear what you're doing in your throat! Also, too much constriction in the larynx or elsewhere will kill the sound. Just enough for a good sound, and no more!• As in many endeavors, the tendency is to OVERDO. To use too much tension, airflow, volume, intensity. More often than not, the answer is to back off. Use only as much effort as necessary, only where it is needed. Too much pressure can also damage your vascular system; there are many stories of Mongolian singers who used too much pressure and broke blood vessels. Don't blow a gasket!!!• Avoid hurting your throat. There is a simple equation at work here: Pressure (airflow, powered beneath the diaphragm) meets constriction in the larynx. Too much airflow meeting this constriction will stress the throat. Try this: Close your mouth, and blow hard. Your cheeks will puff out and eventually your lips will give out. Imagine doing this with more delicate, sensitive membranes as in your throat. Don't do this!More coming soon...The Pharynx, Mouth, and Sinuses.Rear-View Coronal Section of LarynxLinks - Voice, vocal anatomy, etc.Structures of the larynx Good site from Mythos Anatomy/Webmed, with interactive anatomy figures.Singing and Anatomy Two articles on voice productionThe Singing Voice: Anatomy More good info on the vocal anatomy. Lots of useful graphics, videos, and links. Don't miss the section on Castrati, and remember that it may improve sygyt but at the expense of a good, deep kargyraa. Act accordingly.Lots of cool links about the voiceA Basic Overview of Voice Production by Ronald C. Scherer, Ph.D. Lots off good definitions of vocal terms.How the Larynx (Voice Box) Works Charles R. Larson, Ph.D. Good article with good graphics.Google Search: "singing" and "larynx" Can't get enough, now, can you?Last Updated 11-21-05http://khoomei.com/types.htmSteve Sklar, usa
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Peace Pool Project

My story of water ...

Grown up in Murnau at the Staffelsee, Germany, my wish as a child was to become a scuba diver, saving money for a diving-suit. Then moving to Neuburg at the Donau. Instead of a diving-suit I bought a trumpet. 1970 moving to Morenhofen, a place with its own mill and a little lake. I invented the Aquaphon, a wind instrument combined with a trumpet, tubes and resonators for water. 1980 during my music study times at the university of Cologne I composed special water arrangements.

1986 „Vor der Flut“, music in the water collector Severin Cologne and Aquamorphose, a piece about the sound of water, together with Christoph Müller. 1994 first watsu experience in the Wassermannzentrum. In fall 2000 I had my first aquawellness and music workshop in Bad Sulza, together with Michael Reimann. Relaxing in the body temperatured water I suddenly got the impulse to bring in the sounds of my voice and turn into harmonic chant. A new form of inspired and deep work combining water and music was born.

About one year later, in fall 2001, I gave the first workshop in Bamberg/Weichendorf, called „flowing in water, sound and movement“ together with the shiatsu- and cranio-sacral therapist Nina Schimetzek. 10 participants had come to this innovating project. Of course the terrorists attacks in the US had an influence to the atmosphere. So we decided “to work hard“ on relaxation - not just for ourselves.

Besides our exercises in the water, we used the healing harmonical sounds of voice, water, sound bowls and gongs above and under water, we were also dancing and singing on the „solid ground“. We used especially the songs and dances of the native American indians to honor and acknowledge their spirit and their ecological and spiritual wisdom .

Saturday night we watched the video „ The White Hole in Time“ from Peter Russell. He used the building of the World Trade Center as a scale for the steps of evolutionary development. Half of the height of the World Trade Center it took evolution to develop just simple cells. There is a tremendous acceleration, especially in the last 100 or 50 years: it becomes clear, wherever we go , we really go fast !

After a time of intense technological development in the outside world the next step is to go inside, is one of Peter Russell`s thesis. We have all possibilities to change this planet into a blossoming island in our universe. There would be a need of 52 Billion Dollars to restore our mother Earth to provide world hunger, to help the sick people, to recover pollution, to take care of birth control, to make the third world countries debt-free. But in comparison with that, $ 780 billion are spent on the military by all nations-each year! The next step has to be a step of consciousness. There is too much at stake!

After some time for reflection I invited the group to the pool, where I had made up the room for an improvised concert. The light of a lightshow projector was directed to the water, projecting the movements of the water waves to the wall and the bottom of the pool. The group members were sitting at the edge of the pool, some feet in the water, moving the water from time to time. I did an invocation with shell horns, sound bowls and gong and then I blew with the didgeridoo on the surface of the water and noticed the amplification of the sound on several resonating points in the room. Then I played „Times in Space“, an arrangement from the project „Before the Flood“ in the water collector Severin in Cologne 1986. Drops are pulsating on sound bowls, plates of glass and metal. water drums and „the drop on the hot stone“ are resonating in this special room with a reverberation of 45 seconds.

It’s a galactic sound-time-structure, connected with my own heartbeat and the heartbeat of my yet unborn son David, with didgeridoo sounds and the sounds of a glass harpe, which I had composed in my studio at home before. What I discovered later was that this sound structure had the same tonality as my alphorn, that I played live with this arrangement – a connection of special sound- worlds- made for deep listening and inspiration.

In the following sequence of didgeridoo playing, inside of me arose a luminous vision: The water in the pool has a resonating relationship to all water on Earth - also to the water in the air and the water in our bodies. 70 % of the human being is water, also 70 % of the planet’s surface is covered with water. Ocean researches for whales and dolphins say that our seas are mighty antennas for the vibrations of the universe. Wales and dolphins receive this information and are the mediators to the humans. Why not to go the other way round and use the pool as an entrance, a collector and an amplifier for healing information through sounds – and to send this healing sounds on a journey around the world ?!


Healing waters – a global art event
. . . to suggest a postive Intention for the whole evolution and the spiritual field of our planet Earth in 2001, in times of a global crisis.

Water as one of the most intense organic mediator and amplifier of information, as „an element of life that carries changes and devotion“, water, we all came from, water, connecting all spirits and beings on this blue planet, water is the medium and the channel for the planetary network.

Researches of the Japanese Masaru Emoto confirm impressively the way water shows up with informations imprinted in an ice crystal .


The message from water
Music, prayers, healing sounds, and songs from different cultures will be consciously projected into water by all the participants and this mental intention will be sent on a journey into the water cycle round the world. The first start event has been a full-moon-concert in the Toskana Therme Bad Sulza, Germany, in November 2001, planned and directed by Christian Bollmann, together with »The Overtone Choir Düsseldorf«. The Toskana Therme has special possibilities for under water liquid sound arrangements, under water concerts with color light effects and also the possibility for healing aquatic bodywork (aquawellness, watsu, soundwatsu). It is an optimal space for a holistic project as this one is. There have been parallel events in Boulder, Colorado with Jonathan Goldman, Kapa, Kauai/Hawaii with Timory Koch, India, Ganges, with Aruna Sayeeram, Brazil, shamanes around Daniel Namkhai and many more.

At the same time, on the whole world concerts, events and meditations have taken place together with other artists, in and near by the water. Everything showed up, from the private devotion in the private bath tub up to a Pacific-open-air-event. Following events will take place each full moon.

Essentially the purpose is to create a ritual with healing sounds, music, dancing and spoken words. Facing the water, you formulate strong and clear:

  • Peace for our planet Earth and the entire universe
  • Love and Light and Harmony to all beings
  • We ask you, the water to pass on our message to all water in the world.


»What’s that what is capable to do everything? This is the water. There is not one thing, that’s not rising out of it. Only those who use its principles well, can act in the right way. For the wise man the water is the key for changing the world. Therefore, the wise man doesn’t teach every single man, nor every single house to rule the world, but the water is his key.« (Tao Te King/ Laotse 25).

Blessings and baptizing are performed with water. Those powerful rituals are not only reserved for the clerics. Each of us can make holy water out of water.

Klangschale im Wasserbecken - © Photo by Cathy Frischknecht & Christian Bollmann

© Photo by Cathy Frischknecht & Christian Bollmann

What will happen at a Peace Pool Event ?
The ritual can be just simple or even complex. Everything is possible - from the private devotion in your own bath tub up to a Pacific open-air-event !

Simple activities:
Sitting in front of a bowl of water, watching the water and becoming aware, that the water is connected by with the big water cycle of our planet by humidity of air. Remember, clouds, rain, Earth, sources, rivers, lakes, seas. We as well content 70% water, take water in and transmit it. Then we become aware that water is able to store information and also pass it on. The pictures of Masaru Emoto show this impressively.

Before this meditation you can tune in by special music, for example, »We all come from Goddess«, and finish it with for example »The River is flowing« to deepen your thoughts and the process.

Now the purpose is to call upon the water and pass on the message verbally:
»Peace to our Planet Earth and the entire universe, Love, Light and Harmony to all Beings. We ask you, the water, to pass on our message to all water in the whole world.« You can do this for several times, speak out all or single sequences. Subsequent to this meditation it would appear to sing, dance , use in any way the song Da Pacem Domine. Other songs, dances, music pieces or sound improvisations might follow.

Finally you hand over the water to the big cycle of life, get it back outside, into a river, lake or sea or pour it even on the ground.


Documentation of the peace-pool-activities by Christian Bollmann

22.09.2001 Weichendorf Workshop und Solokonzert
06.10.2001 Bad Sulza, Toskana Therme mit Michael Reimann
07.10.2001 Düsseldorf, Ständehaus Kunstsammlung NRW mit Markus Stockhausen.
30.10.2001 Bad Sulza, Toskana Therme mit dem Oberton-Chor

17.03.2002 Heiden CH Solowasserkonzert
28.03.2002 Nümbrecht Rhein Sieg Klinik Peace Pool Event
04.05.2002 Solothurn CH Solokonzert an der Aare
07.05.2002 Rhein Fall Schaffhausen CH
26.05.2002 Nümbrecht Rhein Sieg Klinik Peace Pool Event
31.05.2002 Bad Herrenalb 7 Täler Therme Peace Pool Event
03.06.2002 Weil/Rhein Laguna Bad Peace Pool Event
23.06.2002 Regensburg Frauenhof Open Air
24.06.2002 Würzburg Offenes Peace Pool Singen
25.06.2002 Staffelsee
26.06.2002 Tegernsee
27.06.2002 Chiemsee
25.07.2002 Köln/Rhein, Emototag Peace Pool Stone-Art
02.08.2002 Ansbach, Kaspar Hauser Peace Pool Konzert
11.08.2002 Lucmanier Pass CH, Sufi Camp Mountain Peace Pool
12.08.2002 Vals/Therme/CH
22.08.2002 Nümbrecht, Rhein Sieg Klinik Peace Pool Event
23.08.2002 Baden Baden, Caracallatherme
25.08.2002 Balver Höhle, Offenes Peace Pool Singen
11.09.2002 Bamberg, Memorial Friedenskonzert im Hain Open Air
16.-19.09.2002 Chiemsee, Oberton-Klangzauber-Festival
27.-29.09.2002 Weichendorf, Peace Pool Workshop

20.03.2003 Zürich /CH, Friedenskonzert zum Kriegsbeginn im Irak
22.03.2003 Heiden /CH, Peace Pool Workshop/Konzertevent Hotel Heiden
23.05.2003 Weichendorf, Peace Pool Workshop
30.12.2003 Nümbrecht Rhein Sieg Klinik, Aquarian Flow CD Präsentation

06.03.2004 Zürich/CH Migrosbad
13.03.2004 Heiden/CH, Peace Pool Workshop/Konzertevent Hotel Heiden
20.03.2004 Winterthur/CH Migrosbad
05.05.2004 Köln/Bensberg Mediterana, Klänge zur Mondfinsternis, erster Klangaufguss
30.06.2004 Köln/Bensberg Mediterana Eröffnung der Salzstolensauna
since 21.07.2004 Köln/Bensberg Mediterana Klangaufgüsse+Konzerte
25.08.-01.09.2004 Lesbos,/GR Milelja Inselgarten, Seminar Floaten, Tanzen und Wandern
29.08.2004 Lesbos,/GR Milelja Inselgarten, Peace Pool Konzert Event
15.10.2004 Köln/Bensberg Mediterana Klangaufgüsse und Soundfloating Seminar
12.11.2004 Köln/Bensberg Mediterana Klangaufgüsse und Soundfloating Seminar
25.-28.11.2004 Bad Herrenalb, Seminar Sieben Täler Therme, Heilende Klänge im Wasser,
26.11.2004 Bad Herrenalb, Sieben Täler Therme Aquarian Flow, baden in Klängen
31.12.2004 Neuseeland, Karamea Rongo, Hamer Springs, Muria Springs

Summer 2005 Köln/Bensberg Mediterana Klangaufgüsse &Konzerte
17.07.2005 Nümbrecht Eröffnung des Elemente Schwimmbades
30.12.2005 Nümbrecht, Badenin Klängen zum Jahreswechsel

04.02.2006 Bad Herrenalb, der Kongress geht baden
28.06.-12.07.2006 Lesbos,/GR Milelja Inselgarten, Seminar Floaten, Tanzen und Wandern
09.09.2006 Bad Pyrmont, Staatsbad Hufelandtherme, Wellness-Kunst-Event
20.09.2006 Bad Abbach, Kaisertherme Wasserklangevent
21.09.2006 Bad Göggingen, Liemestherme Wasserklangevent

16.03.2007 Bad Pyrmont, Staatsbad Hufelandtherme, Wellness-Kunst-Event
30.04.2007 Nümbrecht, Baden in Klängen, der etwas andere Tanz in den Mai
30.12.2007 Nümbrecht, Baden in Klängen zum Jahreswechsel


02.03.2008 Baden (Schweiz) - Baden in Klängen, 1001 Nacht im Wasser - Thermalbad Baden
17.05.2008 Bad Pyrmont, taatsbad Hufelandtherme, Wellness-Kunst-Event
09.-23.07.2008 Lesbos,/GR Milelja Inselgarten, Seminar Floaten, Tanzen und Wandern
30.12.2008 Nümbrecht, Baden in Klängen zum Jahreswechsel

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Music by numbers

Diagram: Music by numbers
 

Music incarnates through numbers as frequency and wawelength (= time & space) proportions of the harmonic series.

Until european renaissance most tonal system where established through combination of the first tree primes 2, 3 and 5 which express themselves as the music of the harmonic series as octave (proportion 1:2, one-to-two), perfect fifth (2:3) and just major third (4:5).

Initially this creation happens within the frame of the octave 30:60 (2x3x5 : 2x2x3x5).

The interval names of the tonal systems with frequency ratios of the form 2nx3nx5n : 2nx3nx5n

may be found on this link! 

By the way the product of the following tree primes 7, 11 and 13 is 1,001!!

 

At the illustration the neighbouring elements placed along the axises are octaves, proportion 1:2. For example 1:2:4:.. (octaves of the fundamental/ primary tone), 3:6:12:... (octaves of perfect fifth) and 5:10:20:... (octaves of just major third).

 

Lesser diesis is the difference between three successive just major thirds (5/4)3 (= 125/64 = 1.953125) and the octave (2:1).

 

The syntonic comma is the difference between just major third, 80 (=24 x 5) and the pythagorean (generated by perfect fifths) major third, 34.

 

The values of the pythagorean comma and greater diesis, 73:74 and 27:28 respectively, are approximations, because their constituent values are situated further out in the branches of the spiral. The pythagorean comma is the difference between 12 successive perfect fifths, (3/2)12 : 27 (= 129.746338) and 7 octaves, 27 (= 128).

The greater diesis is the difference between four successive just minor thirds  (6/5)4 (=1,296 : 625 = 2.0736) and the octave, 2:1.

 

... Or is it really the other way round: Numbers incarnating through music?

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R.I.P.

Tran Quang Hai : Il canto difonico : descrizione, storia, stili, aspetti acustici e spetrrali, approccio orginale, richerche fondamentali e applicate, part 1
Facciamo tutti del canto difonico senza saperlo ! Basta aprire la bocca ed emettere un suono di gola. Quest’ultimo è composto da un suono di base continuo invariante, tenuto alla stessa altezza, e da altri suoni più acuti, gli armonici. Il fatto è che non sappiamo ascoltare ! E, di conseguenza, non sentiamo gli armonici .


Descrizione

Il canto difonico è una tecnica vocale che ho ‘scoperto’ nel 1969 grazi a una registrazione sonora riportata dalla Mongolia da Roberte Hamayon, direttrice di studi alla Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, membro del Laboratorio di etnologia dell’Università di Parigi X-Nanterre, in occasione del deposito dei suoi nastri magnetici presso il Dipartimento di etnomusicologia del Musée de l’Homme .

Questa voce sdoppiata è caratterizzata dalla produzione congiunta di due suoni, l’uno chiamato suono fondamentale o bordone, che viene tneuto alla stessa altezza nell’arco di tutta un’espirazione, mentre l’altro, chiamato suono armonico (che è uno degli armonici naturali del suono fondamentale), varia a piacimento del cantore. In questo modo, una stessa persona può cantare simultaneamente a due voci. Questo suono armonico ha un timbro vicino a quello del fauto (voce flautata) o a quello dello scacciapensieri (voe scacciapensieri).

Storia

Il canto difonico è stato citao in più occasioni, Rollin, insegnante presso il Conservatorio di Parigi nel XIX secolo, affermò che alla Corte di Carlo il Temerario un buffone cantava a due voci simultanee, con la seconda voce a un intervallo di quinta dalla prima.
Manuel Garcìa, nella sua Memoria sulla voe umana presentata all’Accademia delle Scienze il 16 novembre 1840, segnalò il fenomeno della doppia voce.
Numerosi viaggiatori hanno osservato nei loro resoconti che in Tibet si praticava lo sdoppiamento della voce nel corso di certe recitazioni di mantra. Queste osservazioni non furono tuttavia prese sul serio.
Nel 1934, alcuni ricercatori russi curarono dei dischi a 78 giri sul canto difonicao presso i Tuva ; questi dischi sono stati studiti da Aksenov che nei 1964 pubblicò in Unione Sovietica un articolo sucessivamente tradotto in tedesco (1967) e in inglese (1973). Tale articolo è considerato come la prima pubblicazione sul canto difonico che rivesta un alto valore scientifico.(1)
Nel corso degli ultimi venti anni, numerosi ricercatroi, studiosi di acustica, etnomusicologi, hanno cercato de ‘svelare ‘ i misteri del canto difonico. Possiamo citarne alcuni : Lajos Vargyas, Emile Leipp, Gilles Léothaud, Roberte Hamayon e Mireille Helffer, Suzanne Borel-Malmaisonny, Trân Quang Hai, Richard Walcott, Sumi Gunji, Roberto Laneri, Lauri Harvilahti, Alain Desjacques, Ted Levin, Carole Pegg, Graziano Tisato, Hugo Zemp, Mark van Tongeren (2)
Diverse denominazioni sono state proposte dai ricercatori francesi nel corso degli ultimi ventitré anni : canto difonico (Emile Leipp, Gilles Léothaud, 1971, Trân Quang Hai, 1974), voce scacciapensieri (Roberte Hamayon & Mireille Helffer, 1973), canto difonico solo (Claudie Marcel-Dubois, 1978), canto diplofonico (Trân Quang Hai, 1993), canto biformantico (Trân Quang Hai, 1994). Malgrado le mie poposte più recenti riguardanti le nuove denominazioni di questo stile vocale quali canto diplofonico ( dato che diplo in greco significa due ; il termine diplofonia, di origine medica, indica la presenza simultanea di due suoni di altezza diversa nella laringe) o canto biformantico (canto a due formanti), mantengo ancora l’espressione canto difonico (utilizzata da me stesso per una ventina d’anni) per non creare confusione nel corso della lettura di questo articolo. Alcuni cantanti adottano il termine canto armonico, che secondo me è improprio perché ogni canto, quale che sia il tipo di voce, è creato da una serie di armonici. Questi armonici sono rinforzati in modo diverso e selezionati secondo la volontà del cantante per creare una melodia armonica, o piuttosto formantica secondo le mie conoscenze.
Cantanti come Trân Quang Hai (Francia, 1975), Demetrio Stratos (Grecia/Italia, 1977), Roberto Laneri (Italia, 1978), David Hykes e il suo Harmonic Choir (Stati Uniti, 1983), Joan La Barbara (Stati Uniti, 1985), Meredith Monk (Stati Uniti, 1980), Michael Vetter (Germani, 1985), Christian Bollmann (Germania, 1985), Michael Reimann (Germania, 1986), Noah Pikes (Inghilterra, 1985), Tamia (Francia, 1987), il Quatuor Nomad (Francia, 1989), Valentin Clastrier (Francia, 1990), Bodjo Pinek (Yugoslavia, 1989), Rollin Rachele (Paesi Bassi, 1990), Thomas Clements (Francia, 1992) hanno introdotto l’effetto del canto difonico nella musica contemporanea, che si tratti di musica eletrro-acustica, musica improvvisata, musica di ispirazione bizantina, gregoriana, musica meditativa, new age, jass, world music, ecc.
Alcuni musicoterapeuti, come l’inglese Jill Purce e il francese Dominique Bertrand hanno utilizzato la tecnica del canto difonico come sistema tetrapeutico. Io stesso ho tenuto dei seminari regolari a Parigi presso il Centre Mandapa a partire dal 1983, presso l’Association Confluences Europe-Asie dal 1989, presso alcuni centri di yoga a partire dal 1987 e presso il Centre des Médecines Douces in Francia nel 1989. Sono l’unico studioso a rendere noti i risultati delle proprie ricerche sul canto difonico nell’ambito di numerosi congressi internazionali a partire dal 1981. L’utilizzazione del canto difonico favorisce la concentrazione. La conoscenza degli armononici l’essere e il senso nella direzione dell’affinamento terapeutico delle certezze più profonde.

I diversi stili del canto difonico

La tecnica del canto difonico è diffusa non soltanto in tutta la regione intorno ai Monti Altai settentrionale, che comprende le poplazioni dei mongoli, tuvini, khacassi, baschiri, altaici, ma anche – in una certa misura – tra i rajasthani dell’India, gli xhosa dell’Africa del Sud e i monaci tibetani dei monasteri di Gyütö e Gyüme .
Presso i tuva esixtono quatro tecniche principali, con bordone dal più grave al più acuto secondo gli stili kargyraa, borbannadyr, ezengileer, sygyt. Questi diversi tipi di canto difonico sono fondati sugli stessi principi di emissione sonora dello scacciapensier. La melodia viene creata dagli armonici di un suono fondamentale, generati dal risuonatore di Helmholtz costituito dalla cavità orale umana, della quale si modificano le dimensioni. Nello scacciapensieri è la lamella vibrante a dare l’attacco al risuonatore. Nel canto difonico sono le corde vocali, che possono essere regolate su altezze diverse creando numerosi suoni fondamentali, quindi numerose serie di armonici. A partire dall’ultimo decennio, il canto difonico tuva ha trovato una sua seconda vita grazie all’interesse del ricercatori e dei cantant occidentali. Sono state ‘ritrovate’ altre tecniche secondarie o meno conosciute, come il sygyt medio, il kargyraa di steppa o di montagna, lo stil Oidupa (questo stile, che è ispirato dallo stile kargyraa e prende il nome dal suo creatore, viene considerato come il primo stile urbano).
Presso i mongoli esistono sei techniche diverse di canto difonico : xamryn xöömi (xöömi nasale), bagalzuuryn xöömi (xöömi faringeo), tseedznii xöömi (xöömi toracico), kevliin xöömi (xöömi abdominale), xarkiraa xöömi (xöömi narrativo con un suono fondamentale molto grave) e isgerex (la voce di flauto dentale, di uso raro). Di Sundui, il migliore cantante difonico mongolo, che possiede una tecnica di vibrato e una potenza armonica eccezionale, sono apparse registrazioni in numerosi dischi in Mongolia e all’estero. Recentement è cresciruta la fama di un altro cantante, Tserendavaa, che comincia a far parlare di sé in Occidente.
I khacassi utlizzano lo stile xaj e i gorno-altaici possiedono uno stile simile, detto kaj, per accompagnare i canti epici. Prim della dominazione russa, i khacassi avevano stili di canto difonico molto simili a quelli praticati dai tuva, come il sygyrtyp (simile al sygyt tuva), il kuveder o kyleng (simile all’ezengileer tuva), e il kargiraa (simile al kargyiraa tuva). Presso i gorno-altaici, si scoprono gli stili kiomioi, karkira e sibiski (rispettivamente ezengileer, kargyraa e sygyt dei tuva).
Presso i monaci tebetani dei monasteri Gyütö e Gyüme, si praticano regolarmente il canto dei tantra (scritture buddiste) e dei mantra (formule sacre), le mudra (gesti delle mani) e alcune techniche che permettono di rappresentare mentalmente divinità e simboli. La loro tradizione risale a un gruppo di maestri indiani che visitarono il Tibet nell’ VIII secolo, dei quali il più conosciuto è lo yogin Padmasambhava, e più reentemente al fondatore di una delle quattro correnti del buddismo tibetano, Tzong Khapa. Si dice che sia stato Tzong Khap (1357-1419) a introdurre il canto difonico e lo stile meditativo praticato nei monasteri Gyütö. Egli avrebbe ricevuto questo tipo di canto dalla propria divinità protettrice. Maha Bhairava, che pur essendo un’incarnazione del « Signore della compassione » (Avalokiteshavara) possedeva uno spirito terrificante. La principale espressione del viso di Maha Bhairava è quella di un bufalo in collera. Le sue trantaquattro braccia portano i trentaquattro simboli delle qualità nessarie alla liberazione. Ancora oggi, i maestri di questa scuola amano paragonare i l loro canto al muggito di un toro. I monaci tibetani del monastero Gyütö realizzano un bordone estremamente grave e un quinto armonico corrispondente alla terza maggiore sopra la seconda ottava del bordone, mentre i monaci del monastero Gyüme producono un bordonne grave e un sesto armonico corrispondente alla quinta spra la seconda ottava del bordone. Questi monaci ottengono tal effetto armonico cantando la vocale o con la bocca allungata e le labbra arrotondate.
Nel Rajasthan in India, un cantante reigistrato nel 1967 dal compianto John Levy è riuscito a utilizzare la tecnica del canto difonico per imitare lo scacciapensieri e il doppio flauto satara. Questa incisione unica è la sloa traccia dell’esistenza del fenomeno del canto difonico nel Rajasthan.
In Africa del Sud presso gli xhosa, il canto difonico è praticato soprattutto tra le donne. Questa tecnica si chiama umngqokolo ngomqangi, ad imitazione dell’arco musicale umrhube. Ngomqangi è il nome di un coleottero. Secondo le spiegazioni fornite da una cantatrice in grado di realizzare questo canto a doppia voce simultanea, essa si sarebbe ispirata per il bordone al verso prodotto dal coleottero posto davanti all bocca, modulando la cavità orale in modo da variare l’emissione deli armonici. Dave Dargie ha scoperto questo tipo di canto difonico presso gli xhosa del Sudafrica nel 1983.
A Formosa, i bunun cantano le vocali con una voce molto tesa ed emettono qualche armonico in un canto per la raccolta del miglio (Pasi but but). Siamo di fronte a uno stile di canto difonico simile a quello praticato dai mongoli e dai tuva ? In assenza di documenti sonori e sritti, non possiamo andare oltre nella nostra indagine.
In alcuni tipi di canti in cui l’emissione delle vocali è molto risonante, ciò permette ai cantori di creare una seconda formante non intenzionale (il canto buddista giapponese shomyo, certi canti bulgari, certi canti polifonici dell’Europa dell’Est) o intenzionale (il fenomeno della quintina – la quinta voce virtuale risultante dalla fusione delle quattro voci del coro – nei cant sacri sardi studiati da Bernard Lortat-Jacob.
Bisogna quindi operare une distinzione tra il canto difonico (canto che crea una melodia di armonici) e il canto a risonanza armonica (canto accompagnato a tratti da effetti armonici). Questo sarà l’argomento delle mie prossime ricerche.

Aspetto acustico e spettrale

Percezione dell’altezza dei suoni
Cercher£o, anzitutto, di descrivere la nozione di percezione dell’altezza sonora dal punto di vista dell’acustica e della psicoacustica . Successivamente, presenterò il campo d’azione del canto difonico. Infine, sarà opportuno formulare qualche ipotesi circa i meccanismi di formazione di questo canto, la realizzazione del canto difonico/ diplofonico/biformantico attraverso il moi metodo e il film Le chant des harmoniques.
Preliminarmente, è necessario capire cosa significa l’altezza dei suoni o tonalità. Questa nozione presenta molte ambiguità e non risponde al semplice principio della misura delle frequenze emesse. L’altezza dei suoni attiene alla psicoacustica più che alla fisica . I miei ragionamenti poggiano da una parte sulle scoperte recenti di alcuni ricercatori e d’altra parte sulle mie personali osservazioni e sperimentazioni ottenute con l’ausilio del sonografo.
Il sonografo mi permette infatti di ottenere l’immagine del suono che voglio studiare. Su di un unico foglio, ottengo in ascissa l’informazione « tempo », in ordinata l’informazione « frequenza » e, seguendo lo spessore della linea tracciata, l’informazion « intensità ».
I manuali classici di acustica ci dicoono che l’altezza dei suoni armonici, cioè i suoni che comportano un suono fondamental di frequenza F e una serie di armonici F1, F2, F2… multipli di F, è data dalla frequenza del primo suono fondamentale. Il che non è del tutto esatto, perché è possibile sopprimere elettronicamente questo fonamental senza perciò modificare l’altezza soggettiva del suono percepito. Se quella teoria fosse giusta, un impianto elettroacustico che non riproducesse il suono più grave modificherebbe l’altezza dei suoni. Ma non è affatto coì, perché cambia il timbro ma non l’altezza . Alcuni richercatori propongono un’altra teoria, più coerente : l’altezza dei suoni è data dallo scarto fra le tracce degli armonici o differenza di frequenza tra due tracce di armonici. Cosa diventa però l’altezza dei suoni in tal caso per gli spettri sonori detti « a parziali » (i parziali sono gli armonici che non sono dei multipli interi del suono fondamentale) ? In quest ‘ultimo caso, l’individuo perceptisce una media dello scarto tra le tracce nella zona che gli interessa. Ciò si ricollega, in effetti, alle differenze di percezione che si trovano da un individuo all’altro.
La definizione dello « specttro a formante » è l’accentuazione in intensità di un gruppo di armonici che costituiscono una formante, quindi una zona di frequenze in cui l’energia è elevata. Considerando questa formante, un’altra nozione della percezione dell’altezza si fa luce. E stato infatti constatato che la posizione della formante nelle spettro sonoro dà la peercezione di una nuova altezza. In questo caso, non si tratta più dello scarto fra le tracce di armonici nella zona formantica, ma della posizione della formante nello spettro. Occorre smussare gli angoli di questa teoria, pooiché ciò avviene a determinate condizioni.
Per fare un esperimento, ho cantato tre do (do1-do2-do3) a un’ottava di distanza tra loro, portando la voce come per rivolgermi a un uditorio ampio. Ho verficato con un sonogramma che il massimo dell’energia si trovara nella zona sensibile dell’orecchio umano (tra 2 e 3 kHz). Si tratta nella fattispecie di una formante situata tra 2 e 4 kHz. Successivamente ho registrato tre do nelle stesse tonalità, ma questa volta appoggiando la voce come per rivolgermi a un uditorio ridotto, e ho osservato la sparizione di questa formante.
In questo caso, la sparizione della formante non ha modificato l’altezza dei suoni. Ho prresto verificato in seguito che la percezione dell’altezza attraverso la posizione della formante era possibile solo a condizione che questa fosse molto acuta, vale a dire che l’energia della formante non fosse distribuita che su due o tre armonici. Dunque, se la densità di energia della formante è elevata, e la formante è stretta, questa darà un’informazione di altezza in più rispertto alla tonalità complessiva del pezzo cantato. Per questa via traversa, io giungo alla technica del canto difonico /diplofonico/ biformantico.
Questa nozione della formante che prende il sopravvento sulle tracce di armonici me verrà in seguito confermata dalle ricerche sperimentali sulla formazione del canto difonico.

Confronto tra la tecnica vocale difonica e la tecnica vocale classica

Si può dire che il canto difonico comporta due suoni, come indica il suo nome : l’uno grave e consistente, chiamato bordone, e l’altro più acuto costituito da una formante, che si sposta nello spettro per produrre una certa melodia ; la nozione di altezza data dalla seconda voce è d’altra parte a volte ambigua e, per riconoscerle, una certa educazione o allenamento dell’orecchio occidentale può rendersi auspicabile .
L’evidenziazione del bordone è relativamente facile, grazie ai songrammi. Esso si vede molto chiaramente. Sul piano auditivo, è molto netto. Dopo aver evidenziato il suono fondamentale, ho comparato due spettri : l’uno di un canto difonicao e l’altro di un canto cosiddetto classico entrambi prodotti dallo stesso cantante .
Gli esempi 1-4 (pp.183-185) ci mostrano i sonogrammi di queste due forme di canto. Il canto classico è caratterizzato da un raddoppiamento dello scarto nelle tracce di armonici quando il canto passa all’ottava superiore. Il canto difonico presenta lo stesso scarto delle tracce (il che è prrevedibile poiché il bordone è costante) durante il passaggio di ottava, quando si vede lo spostamento della formante. Infatti, è facile misurare la distanza tra le tracce per ogni suono emeso ; in questo caso, la percezione della melodia del canto difonico avviene indirettamente, attraverso lo spostamento della formante nel spettro-sonoro.
Conviene insistere sul fatto che ciò è effettivamente possibile soltanto nel caso in ci la formante sia acuta, e questo è il caso, appunto, del canto difonico. L’energia sonora è essenzialmente distribuita tra il bordone a la seconda voce, costituita da due armonici, al massimo tre.
Si è detto talvolta che è possibile emttere una terza voce. In effetti ho constatato grazie ai sonogrammi (sulle tecniche tuva) l’esistenza di una simile realtà, ma mi è impossibile affermare che questa terza voce sia controllata. A moi parere, tale voce supplementare è il risultato della personalità dell’esecutore più che di una tecnica particolare .
A questo proposito, posso già stabilire un parallelo tra il canto difonico è lo scacciapensieri. Lo scacciapensieri produce, come il canto difonico , diverse « voci » : il bordone, il canto e il controcanto. Potrei considerare questo terza voce come un controcanto, il quale può essere voluto, ma sicuramente non controllato .

End of part 1

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Jesus sprach aramäisch - eine der Ursprachen des Nahen Ostens. Mit welcher Fassung des Evangeliums wir und auch befassen, Jesus sprach die Worte, die ihm zugeschrieben werden, auf aramäisch. Dies gilt vor allem für das Gebet, das er seinen Jüngern gab, unser heutiges Vaterunser. Um es zu singen, benutzen wir die Form des Gebets, die in den aramäisch sprechenden Kirchen der Welt, einschließlich der assyrischen und syrisch-orthodoxen, benutzt wird.


Aramäisch unterscheidet sich sehr deutlich vom Griechischen, der Sprache, von der die westeuropäische Christenheit ihren Ursprung herleitet. Jedes aramäische Wort kann auf mehrere unterschiedliche Weisen interpretiert werden. Das gilt insbesondere für die Worte eines Mystikers oder eines Propheten. In der jüdischen Tradition wird diese Art mehrfacher Interpretation, bei der die Übersetzung eine spirituelle Handlung darstellt, Midrasch genannt. In meinen Büchern habe ich fünf oder sechs mögliche Auslegungen des aramäischen Vaterunsers und andere Aussagen Jesu angeboten. Diese können in den Büchern Das Vaterunser, Knaur Verlag und Weisheit der Wüste , Bratt Verlag nachgelesen werden.


Die ursprünglichen Melodien für die verschiedenen Zeilen des aramäischen Gebets wurden 1982/1983 von mir komponiert und waren Teil meines meditativen Einfühlens in das Gebet. Dabei benutzte ich traditionelle nahöstliche Oberton-Methoden. Diese Melodien werden in einem Zyklus der Tänze des Universellen Friedens benutzt. Bei dieser Art des heiligen Rundtanzes werden die Töne und Gefühle der verschiedenen Zeilen mit dem ganzen Körper auf nahöstliche Weise gebetet. Die miteinander verflochtenen Melodien der Musik drücken die miteinander verwobenen Gefühle und Bedeutungen der gesungen Worte aus.


Die wunderschönen Arrangements von Christian Bollmann, die vom Düsseldorfer Obertonchor gesungen werden, bereichern das Gefühl für den vielfältigen Text des Gebets. In dieser neuen Klanglandschaft bewegen sich die verschiedenen Fäden des Gebets und ermöglichen es dem Hörer, in einer Atmosphäre der Heiligkeit zu baden. Vor allem ist das Gebet Jesu auf aramäisch ein Gebet für den Frieden, ein Gebet des Verlangens des Himmels, auf die Erde zu kommen in strahlender Einheit von Welle und Ton, um unser Leben zu bereichern und uns an die Gründe zu erinnern, warum wir gerade jetzt leben.











Dr. Neil Douglas-Klotz

Weitere englisch sprachige Informationen gibt es auch unter www.abwoon.com direkt bei Neil Douglas-Klotz.


Das Vaterunser / The Lord's Prayer in der aramäischen Ursprache


... nach dem Klang der aramäischen Worte
... in der Übersetzung von Martin Luther (Matthäus 6:9-13)
... in einer Übersetzung von Neil Douglas-Klotz
Abwûn d'bwaschmâja
Vater unser im Himmel.
Oh Du, atmendes Leben in allem, Ursprung des schimmernden Klanges. Du
scheinst in uns und um uns, selbst die Dunkelheit leuchtet, wenn wir
uns erinnern.
Nethkâdasch schmach
Dein Name werde geheiligt.
Hilf uns einen heiligen Atemzug zu atmen, bei dem wir nur Dich fühlen - und Dein Klang in uns erklinge und uns reinige.
Têtê malkuthach
Dein Reich komme.
Laß Deinen Rat unser Leben regieren und unsere Absicht klären für die gemeinsame Schöpfung.
Nehwê tzevjânach aikâna d'bwaschmâja af b'arha
Dein Wille geschehe wie im Himmel so auf Erden.
Möge der brennende Wunsch Deines Herzens Himmel und Erde vereinen durch unsere Harmonie.
Hawvlân lachma d'sûnkanân jaomâna
Unser tägliches Brot gib uns heute.
Gewähre uns täglich, was wir an Brot und Einsicht brauchen: das Notwendige für den Ruf des wachsenden Lebens.
Waschboklân chaubên (wachtahên) aikâna daf chnân schvoken l'chaijabên
Und vergib uns unsere Schuld, wie auch wir vergeben unseren Schuldigern.
Löse die Stränge der Fehler, die uns binden, wie wir loslassen, was uns bindet an die Schuld anderer.
Wela tachlân l'nesjuna ela patzân min bischa
Und führe uns nicht in Versuchung, sondern erlöse uns von dem Bösen.
Laß oberflächliche Dinge uns nicht irreführen, sondern befreie uns von dem, was uns zurückhält.
Metol dilachie malkutha wahaila wateschbuchta l'ahlâm almîn. Amên
Denn Dein ist das Reich und die Kraft und die Herrlichkeit in Ewigkeit. Amen.
Aus Dir kommt der allwirksame Wille, die lebendige Kraft zu handeln, das
Lied, das alles verschönert und sich von Zeitalter zu Zeitalter
erneuert.

Wahrhaftige Lebenskraft diesen Aussagen! Mögen sie der Boden sein, aus dem alle meine Handlungen
erwachsen. Besiegelt im Vetrauen und Glauben. Amen.

... und in einer Version von Joachim Ernst Berendt

Mutter-Vater alles Geschaffenen!

Dein Name und Deine Schöpfung sei heilig uns allen

Dein Ewiges Sein wirke in uns.

Christi Liebe geschehe -

auch in mir und durch mich.

Deine Nahrung gib Seele und Leib -

auch den Armen, Unterdrückten, Fremden.

Vergib uns! Wie ich vergebe.

Führe und schütze uns auf all unsern Wegen.

Befreie und heile uns ganz.

Denn Du bist das Sein und die Liebe und das Licht in Ewigkeit.

Amen.

aus: Ein Buch der Wandlung



Zur Entstehung der Abwun CD

Im Sommer 1989 bin ich dem Abwun-Zyklus das erste Mal begegnet. Auf dem Sufi-Musik-Camp in den Schweizer Alpen vermittelten Noor und Akbar Helweg aus Holland dieses klingende Körpergebet, das mich sehr bewegte und seither nicht mehr losgelassen hat. Unmittelbar hatte ich eine Flut von Ideen, wie dieses Werk auf einfachste Weise weiter zu entfalten sei. Ein Jahr später brachte ich die ersten Zeilen in die Arbeit mit dem Oberton-Chor ein, der sofort begeistert reagierte.


1994 setzte ich mich mit Dr. Neil Douglas-Klotz in Verbindung und stellte ihm meine Arbeit dem dem Chor und dem aramäischen Jesusgebet vor. Der Funke war übergesprungen und Neil gab mir die Erlaubnis und
den Segen, weiter an Abwun zu arbeiten. 1996 enstand die Komposition der Zwischenteile, und die Ergebnisse mit dem Chor wurden so konkret, daß wir für 1997 eine Produktion und Uraufführung ins Auge fassen konnten. Wir trafen uns im Februar mit Neil Douglas-Klotz in der Nähe von Köln und arbeiteten ein komplettes Wochenende an der inhaltlichen und formalen Vertiefung des Gebetes. Im Zeitraum vom 30. April bis 30. September fanden die Tonaufnahmen mit dem Chor und den Solisten statt, so daß diese CD zur Uraufführung vorliegen konnte. Das Werk gliedert sich dem Gebet entsprechend in acht Hauptteile für
den Chor, die von Prolog, meditativen Zwischenspielen und Epilog für Instrumentarium und Sprecher eingefaßt werden. Den Chor begleiten zwei weibliche und zwei männliche Vokalisten, Ney und Ud, zwei Instrumente des nahen Ostens, verschiedene Trommeln, Gongs, Klangschalen, australisches Didgeridoo und Percussion.


Mein Dank gilt Saadi Neil Douglas-Klotz für die Melodien, seine vertrauensvolle, liebevolle Unterstützung und Kooperation. Dem Oberton-Chor und den Solisten für ihre hingebungsvolle und konzentrierte Arbeit.

Ganz besonders Christoph Schumacher für sein kompetentes und geduldiges Engagement bei den Aufnahmen und der Percussion. Dirk und Petra für die grafische Gestaltung. Rolf und allen, die dieses Projekt ideell und materiell unterstützt haben.


Christian Bollmann


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- the relations between mathematics, intervals in just intonation, harmonic singing, sparkles and martial arts.

 

Visualizing the proportions of the musical intervals in just intonation

Jules Antoine Lissajous (1822–1880) was a french mathematician whose name is associated with the fascinating figures most commonly known for visualizing the proportions of the musical intervals in just intonation.

The intervals in questions are integer ratios from the harmonic series like Perfect Octave (ratio 1:2), Perfect Fifth (ratio 2:3), Perfect Fourth (3:4), Just Major Third (4:5), Just Minor Third (5:6) etc. and forms the basis for our perception and interpretation of musical intervals in a broader sense, as they are the deepest reference of tone relationships, nature's own way of organising music.

 

The simpler the Lissajous pattern the more consonant the interval:

 

The simpler the Lissajous pattern the more consonant the interval

 

As an overtone singer I am obviously strongly focused on these natural intervals. This music is brought out by a subtle command of the timbre of the singing voice and even though overtone singers may be led to the view that 'one note is sufficient', also here it is confirmed that a single note does not create the music but the interplay of two or more notes – even if this only takes place in the timbre. What creates tension and resolution in music is relations between notes: Intervals!

 

What is really interesting is that what can be regarded as simple integer ratios between frequency and wavewlength leaves a primary impact on our emotions. The Minor Third (in just tuning ratio: 5:6) by most people is perceived more sad, dark and soft (latin: mollis) than the Major Third (4:5) which seems happier, lighter and harder (latin: durus).

 

By the process of octavation – successive divisions of frequency/wavelength by 2 – these intervals may be brought down to the area of rhythm and can be interpreted as polyrhythmic structures, meaning that two or more different divisions of time meter or note measure are simultanously brought into play. So the interval of the Perfect Fifth, 2:3, reflected in the area of rhythm will be two over three (the pulse is divided in 3 beats) or three over two (the pulse is divided in 2 beats).

 

POLYRHYTHMIC VIDEO LINK

 

Musical notes are in more than one respect unappropriate as a mean to describe what takes place in the polyrhythmic field – where the 2:3 ratio is the most simple – and as many practitioners have problems with combining understanding and practice, I have developed a way to present and learn basic polyrhythmic figures. The above rhythm may easily be drummed with two hands on a table or your lap. If you however keep your focus on the left hand (green) and the line 'NOT DIF-fi-CULT' the natural accentuations (CAPITALS) of the words will lead you to feel the pulse as divided in three beats. By shifting your focus to the right hand (blue) and the line 'IT'S so EA-sy' magically the overall perception of the rhythm will change its character so that the pulse feels divided in two beats.

 

From the realm of polyrhythms we shall take a leap back to something visual, and it may be a help to recall how you may draw curves of light in the dark with a sparkler:

Nunchaku is a traditional japanese martial art form, where the weapon or tool is built on the principle of a flail: Two short rods connected with a link

Nunchaku is a traditional japanese martial art form, where the weapon or tool is built on the principle of a flail: Two short rods connected with a link.

 

Penchaku

 

This form has a highly accomplished practitioner in Roy Williams, who holds the black belt in a few martial art forms. He has developed a variant called Penchaku, which has a high degree of aesthetic appeal. Here the movements of the rods are carried out so that their curves describe Lissjous figures. There are several interesting videos at his YouTube channel. Below you may watch a teaser. I find it highly inspiring.

 

PENCHAKU VIDEO LINK

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Hello everyone,

I have been trying to promote the Mongolian art of throat singing here in Holland for the past few years. Now it is time to come with my first CD with the main focus on Mongolian throat singing!

Most of the songs are sung in Dutch language, telling stories about family, nature, love and memories. The cd is named "Herinnering" ("Memory", "Дурсамж").

If you like it enough you can either decide to buy the printed CD Wallet (carton sleeve) or buy the digital album.

Whatever you decide, enjoy!!

See my website for more information www.rowanhartsuiker.com


CD Cover: Mongolian throat singing CD from Holland
CD Cover (front- and backside with CD): Mongolian throat singing CD from Holland

 

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R.I.P.
ObertongesangObertongesang ist eine Gesangstechnik, die aus dem Klangspektrum der Stimme einzelne Obertöne so herausfiltert, dass sie als getrennte Töne wahrgenommen werden und der Höreindruck einer Mehrstimmigkeit entsteht. Man spricht dann von Obertongesang, wenn den Obertönen eine eigenständige musikalische Funktion zukommt, zu unterscheiden von Gesangtechniken, die lediglich die Klangfarbe der Stimme mit Obertönen anreichern.Westlicher ObertongesangDie Gesangskunst wurde im okzidentalen Kulturkreis vor allem in der New Age-Szene der 1980er Jahre populär. In den 1960ern hatten Komponisten wie La Monte Young und Karlheinz Stockhausen Obertongesang in die Avantgardemusik eingeführt. Die westliche Obertonmusik ist also recht jung. Während einige Künstler ihre Techniken vor allem aus Stimmexperimenten und Vokaltechniken zu einer neuen Kunstform entwickelten, lassen sich viele jüngere Obertonsänger auch von den asiatischen Kehlgesangtechniken inspirieren. Trotzdem ist ein Obertonsänger klanglich meist leicht von einem asiatischen Kehlsänger zu unterscheiden.Obertonsänger nutzen als Grundton die „normale“ weiche Stimme. Dadurch ist ein fließender Übergang von Vokalen und Sprache zu Obertongesang möglich. Für viele Obertonmusiker sind daraus entstehende neuartige Klangfarben die Grundlage ihres künstlerischen Ausdrucks. Andere entwickeln eine hohe Virtuosität in polyphoner Singweise, indem sie zwei unabhängige Melodien gleichzeitig mit Grund- und Oberton singen. Vielerorts entstehen begeisterte Singkreise, die mit Obertönen in Gruppen improvisieren (chanten, tönen, Obertonchor). Der Obertongesang gehört der freien Musikszene an und entwickelt sich stetig weiter. Inzwischen wurden die ungewöhnlichen Klangeffekte auch für die Filmmusik entdeckt und finden zunehmend Interesse in der E-Musik. Jüngere Anwendungen in der Musiktherapie zeigen Potenziale des Obertongesangs im Heilwesen auf.KehlgesangIn Tuva, der Mongolei und weiteren Ländern Zentralasiens rund um das Altaigebirge wird Obertongesang in verschiedenen Formen des Kehlgesangs gepflegt. Weitere Bezeichnungen sind Kehlkopfgesang, Khöömei, tuvinisch: Хөөмей (für „Kehle“), mongolisch: Xöömii, chinesisch (vereinfacht):呼麦, chinesisch (traditionell):呼麥. Ähnliche Obertongesänge kennt man als umngqokolo von den Xhosafrauen in Südafrika und von den Dani in Papua-Neuguinea.Kehlgesang unterscheidet sich von westlichem Obertongesang sowohl musikalisch durch seine ethnische Tradition wie auch technisch durch besondere Arten den Grundton zu erzeugen. Beim Kehlgesang werden unter anderem Teile des Kehlkopfs verengt (Xorekteer). Man diskutiert eine Verengung der Taschenfalten (falsche Stimmlippen) bzw. einen aryepiglottischen Sphinkter (Bildung einer Verengung der aryepiglottischen Falten mit der Epiglottis), die jeweils einen Resonanzraum im Kehlkopf hervorrufen, der den Oberton gegenüber dem Grundton verstärkt.Eine spezielle Kunst der Kehlsänger sowohl in Zentralasien als auch bei den Kehlsängerinnen der Xhosa ist der Gebrauch von Untertongesangstechniken, die man in Tuva Kargyraa nennt. In der Regel wird der erste Unterton der Grundstimme, die erste Subharmonische, als Grundton verwendet. Dadurch wird das Obertonspektrum des Sängers bzw. der Sängerin stark erweitert.Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehlkopfgesangmit HörprobenInformationen auch hier: http://www.oberton.orghttp://www.obertoene.comhttp://www.kondor.de/shaman/xoomej.htmlMusikgruppen: http://www.huunhuurtu.com/http://www.egshiglen.net/khukh03/index.htmlHöömii = mongolischer KehlkopfgesangHöömii-GeschichteDie Mongolen beschäftigen sich als nomadische Stämme vorrangig mit Jagd und Viehzucht. So setzten sie sich tagein und tagaus mit den Elementarkräften und Naturgewalten auseinander und sind gleichzeitig eng mit ihnen verbunden. Denn nur ein geschickter, respektvoller Umgang mit der Natur sichert ihnen das Wohlwollen aller sichtbaren und unsichtbaren Kräfte. Die Mongolen begegnen der Natur mit großer Achtung und Verehrung. Ihnen sind die Erde, die Berge und die Flüsse heilig und sie leben im vollendeten Einklang mit der Natur.Der berühmte westmongolische Epenerzähler Avirmed sagte: ”Dieses Volk, das beim Verehren der Hochgebirge singend und Ode und Epen erzählend feierte, ist der Pfad der altertümlichen Menschen, die Feuer verehrten und den Jagdhimmel anriefen”. Aus dieser innigen Naturverbundenheit entwickelte sich im Laufe der Jahrhunderte die Gesangstechnik Höömii, bei der die Tiere (vor allem Pferde, Wölfe, Kamele), die Flüsse, das Echo der Berge und der Wind vom Höömii-Sänger imitiert werden.Höömii-TechnikDas Höömii ist eine imitative Vokaltechnik und eine besondere Oberton-Gesangskunst, die von beliebigen Musikinstrumenten begleitet werden kann. Die Besonderheit besteht darin, daß der Sänger gleichzeitig zwei Töne hervorbringt. Einer dieser Töne ist ein einziger langgedehnter summender Grundton, über welchem sich die Melodie zu großen Höhen erhebt.Der Ton des Gesanges wird durch gezieltes Ausströmen der Atemluft hervorgerufen. Geformt wird der Ton durch die veränderte Position der Zunge, des Gaumensegels, des Kehldeckels und Verformung der Mundhöhle. Bei einigen Arten wird der Ton noch zusätzlich durch die Kontraktion und Ausdehnung der Hals- und Bauchmuskeln geformt, und so in seiner Klarheit verbessert. Diese Atemtechnik des Obertongesanges beansprucht stark die Stimmbänder, den Kehlkopf und das Zwerchfell. Ein guter Höömii-Sänger singt Höömii, ohne die Lippen zu bewegen!Quelle: http://www.hosoo.de
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432 Red Herrings Per Second

NB! The text formatting of this blog i rather limited. x^y means 'x to the power of y'.

The notion that in the tonal world the frequency value 432 Hz is an expression of something special, has proven to be tenacious.
Is 432 Hz an expression of a deeper, more natural, perhaps even more cosmic concert pitch than 440 Hz?

My immediate and clear answer is no!

Proponents of this idea – and they are growing in number – do not seem to contemplate on the basis of what time, space, numbers and tones really are. For what exactly is a Hertz, and what does the numerical value of the frequency indicate?

Here we shall examine exactly that question. It is necessary, however, with four general considerations first:

- 432 Hz, 440 Hz , etc. are points of reference. There are no tonal frequencies which are more pure than others – just as none of the beautiful colours of the rainbow spectrum are more pure than the others. We shall return to the matter of colours later as a direct correlation between tones and colours is often claimed by proponents of the the idea of the excellency of 432.

- The notion is also often accompanied by an assumption that A=432 Hz is a more original concert pitch, not seldom it is launched with claims of ancient roots. You must then remember that the first time any tone frequency was determined was in 1636, when Marin Mersenne measured a tone of 84 Hz.

Marin Mersenne (1588-1648) was the first to measure a tonal frequency value in 1636

 

Marin Mersenne (1588-1648)
was the first to measure a tonal frequency value in 1636

 

- It is also important to keep in mind that the concert pitch, A, has alternated much throughout history and from place to place, even to the degree that the neighboring cities have operated with different standard pitches. You may find an outline on the history of the concert pitch at the Wikipedia entry on the subject.

- The acclaimed conspiracy theories about Goebbels and the Nazi mindset as crucial to the setting of concert pitch at 440 Hz, speaks for itself. It is mere speculation. The value was decided by a majority of the participants at an international conference in London in 1939. It had been used as a standard in the U.S. since 1917 on the recommendation of the American Federation of Musicians and recognized at government level there long before the world had to take Nazism seriously. The value was recorded in 1955 by the International Standards Organisation and in 1975 was appointed as ISO standard , the most widely used standard worldwide.

In short one Hertz indicates one cycle per second. It is a measuring unit of frequency.
If you put forward the argument that a Herz value has its foundation in deeper natural law, you must also be able to demonstrate that the time unit one second is rather an expression of nature than culture.

432 Hz as music

But let us take hold of the music! In a heptatonic major scale with fundamental C, A is the major sixth.

The modern tempering practice of 12TET (an equally divided octave, all halftone steps are of the same relative size) is certainly not unproblematic. Thirds and sixths in this tuning come out around one seventh of a halftone off pitch seen in relation to the intervals based om the harmonic series. People pushing for 'natural ' tonal relationships would have a chunk with more meat on it by focusing on this issue .

In 12TET C4 takes the value of 261.63 Hz and A4 = 440 Hz.

432 Hz is the major sixth from C4= 256 Hz in the Pythagorean tuning system.

An octave is the frequency and wavelength ratio 1:2.
256 Hz is an octave of the time unit one second: There are eight doublings of frequency – and correspondingly eight halvings of the wavelength – in the 'interval' from 1 Hz to 256 Hz:
1-2-4-8-16-32-64-128-256.

You reach concert pitch A4 = 432 Hz by moving three perfect fifths (ratio 2:3), up from 256 Hz and one octave down

You reach concert pitch A4 = 432 Hz by moving three perfect fifths (ratio 2:3), up from 256 Hz and one octave down.
In numbers :
432 Hz = (256 Hz x (3/2)^3):2
(= 256 x 27 /16).

In other words, already quite fishy, how to get from the time unit of one second to the frequency value 432 Hz.

And what does the time unit really indicate? One second is a subdivision of a day in 60x60x24 = 86,400 parts. Dissolved into prime factors, it is a day divided in 2^7 x 3^3 x 5^2.

In other words that is also a rather complex affair and as phenomenon essentially an expression of culture, the work of the mind of man!

Admittedly the low prime numbers 2, 3 and 5 are definitely charged with fundamental music as these factors in the harmonic series express the intervals perfect octave, perfect fifth and just major third respectively (Note: In that actual order!).

However, 7-, 11- and 13 divisions also come to expression in the language of nature – and the following primes as well!

In other words, both the time unit and the Pythagorean major sixth are essentially an expression of people's penchant for systematizing.

432 Hz corresponds to a division of a day in 2^15 x 3^3 x 5^2

- A measure of compliance with deeper nature? No!
The concept ends all too easyly in speculative numerology.

Of course, 432 Hz for practical reasons may feel good. This applies both to the transitions of registers of singers, string instruments which suffer less from tension and when generally trying to let some air slip out of the inflation which is indeed taking place in concert pitch (orchestral sound will be perceived as having more brilliance, when the pitch is raised a few Hertz relative to the reference, the ear has become accustomed to. Some orchestras exploit that fact by raising concert pitch even higher than 440 Hz).

In practice, one must also ponder that the time measure one day is situated in a completely different dimension than the tonal frequencies of the octaves of music!

Tones and colors

The same is true of the correlations, which many in the fascination of a holistic language interprete as direct correspondences between planets, chakras, colours, etc.

It is an important and essential fact that the octave in both the world of tonal notes colours are exposing the same fundamental principle:

To return to an already established quality on a new level / a new turn of the spiral.

All notes in the octave interval have the same name.
And it is clear that red and violet, the terms of the slowest respectively the fastest frequency rate of the rainbow spectrum – which covers just short of one octave – are neighbours in the circle of colors (or – actually more precise: spiral of colours), not merely two polar opposites .

Sound and colour are the expressions of two fundamentally different wave types

But people who are eager to put directly equate between the field of tones and the field of colours basically seem to forget the intermediates:

- First of all, sound and colour are the expressions of two fundamentally different wave types, which do not interact with each other. Light is disseminated transversely, sound is disseminated longitudinally.

- For both light and sound, there is a clear and direct relationship between frequency and wavelength. These are two sides of the same coin. We might as well identify a tone by its wavelength as by its frequency. In the world of colours it is actually the norm to identify by wavelengths. This is merely convention.
However, importantly: If there is an octave relation between a tonal frequency and a color frequency of the rainbow spectrum, there is by definition no correspondence between the wavelengths, which after all are just as important as frequencies.
The two waveforms refer to two different constants in the basic equation, they both have roots in: f x λ = c ( frequency multiplied by the wavelength equal a constant). The constant for the sound is the velocity of sound in the relevant media. The constant for light is the speed of light.

- Just as tonal frequencies and the time interval of 24 hours find themselves in completely different oscillation dimensions, there is an enormous distance from the frequency of tones to the universe of colors. 40 octaves sounds very innocent, but it is gigantic. Please check the value of 2^40 for your self on a calculator !

- The two waveforms have very different span: Our ears may perceive 10-11 octaves tones, but as earlier mentioned we can see barely one octave of colors. This has important implications for how we structure the perception of the two fields respectively.

- Verily it is universal that the octave is reflected in the proportion 1:2, but our perception of both music as colors are also tied to our sensory mechanism. And in the periphery – the very deep or very high notes – the interval 1:2 is not peceived as an octave .

The octave spiral illustrates the inherent order of the harmonic series

 

The octave spiral illustrates the inherent order of the harmonic series.
The octaves are divided i 1-2-4-8- ... etc., partials. Here the first 16 are shown.

 

- The deepest natural organisation of sound is the harmonic series. Here the octaves are divided in 2-4-8-16 - … etc. partials.
The most natural division of colors is into three respectively six.

The colour octave naturally divides into seven

In other words, it cannot be considered as an expression of deep reflection if you on the basis of a culturally conditoned heptatonic scale suggest a deep and direct correlation between seven colors, seven chakras, seven planets, … etc. Read my article on this subject (in Danish, sorry!)!

A large part of the misery has been caused Newton's division of the spectrum into seven prismatic colors from the beginning of the 18 century. It was put forward because he was intrigued by a possible link between astrology, alchemy, tones and colors. But indigo cannot be considered a primary colour and the general correspondence is at best poetic. Newton has had such an impact that virtually all lay people are convinced that the colour octave naturally divides into seven. It is actually not the case!

Newton

- It is also striking that different synesthetes find very different correspondences between tones and colors.

Conclusion

Putative correspondences between tones and colors must therefore be taken with a grain of salt and any simple equation of different fields of wave expression it would be wise to relate to poetically.

The sower who spreads his equal sign between loosely plowed fields, can not expect to see a large and fertile harvest.

The Sower - Painting by van Gogh

... And some of the thrill of life is indeed precisely when the equation is not solved in the simplest conceivable way.
Enjoy it! Cultivate when the equation does not solve itself immediately. Delve into the depths of differences as much as into the abyss of samenes. Then the possibillty of immersion may appear!

It is a shame if you on your quest for a language larger than life insist on cultivating perspectives of mere speculation. Music is essentially the basis for a holistic language. Through the concept of 'klang' (German and Scandinavian for the quality aspect of sound. 'Timbre' doesn't quite cover it) the harmonic series braids three primary fields of conception: Language (the timbre of wovel sounds), music (intervals) and mathematics (proportions).

Aspects of KLANG

All are founded in the body, and we are presented with a first-class tool to decode time and space. Frequency and wavelength are time and space !

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Basic Situations in Overtone Singing

A brief description on the basis of the video

Polyphonic Overtone Singing

by Anna-Maria Hefele

 

 

For each of the four basic situations exemplified in the video, there is a visual analysis with a sound spectrogram produced by Overtone Analyzer (www.sygyt.com). The sound of the singing voice is composed of partials, illustrated as horizontal strips. The brighter the color, the more prominent the particular partial is present in the timbre.

Blue writing is added by DSP. Integers indicate the partial number from the harmonic series. 1 is the fundamental, the tone frequency we normally identify, the primary oscillation rate of the vocal folds. The fundamental may be any frequency within the singer's vocal range. The frequency of the other partials are multiples of that frequency.

Combinations of letters and integers are indications of interval sizes: mW = minor wholetone (9:10); MW = Major wholetone (8:9); s2 = septimal wholetone (7:8); s3 = septimal third (6:7); m3 = just minor third (5:6); M3 = just major third (4:5); P4 = perfect fourth (3:4); TT = tritone (5:7) & P5 = perfect fifth (2:3).

Please note: Singing is never merely a question of mastering a technique. A wide range of talented overtone singers are creating a basis for new artistic expressions which contain as much soul, sentiment, structure, sensuality and surprise as any other form of singing. Anna-Maria Hefele is making beautiful music solo, with her Supersonus ensemble and other constellations, and at the bottom of the page you may find a playlist with other polyphonic overtone singers. Enjoy!

 

Overtone scale on steady fundamental tone, approximately C4, 270 Hz - Screenshot with the Overtone Analyser from www.sygyt.com Overtone scale on steady fundamental tone, approximately C4, 270 Hz. Remarkably the accentuated harmonics have a higher ampltude (lighter colour) than the fundamental. As partial #7 differs significantly from normal scale intervals, it has not been assigned with a solfège name. It is a natural (minor) seventh.

1) Fundamental with Accentuated Harmonics. 00:26: The singer holds a steady tone. By varying the resonance chamber of the vocal tract and by accurate use of the tongue, harmonic overtones may be accentuated one at a time, so that melodic movement is clearly audible in the harmonic layer. The example shows us an ascent of the overtone scale from partial #4-#10, where the descend begins. The intervals become succesively smaller as we rise. Most traditional Mongolian and Tuvan throat singing (khömeii, sygyt, kargyraa) is based on this, but there is a big difference between these techniques and Western overtone singing, including the degree of contraction of the throat. These types of throat singing is overtone singing, but Western overtone singing is rarely throat singing. Overtone singing on the basis of a steady drone is not polyphonic overtone singing.

 

 

Screenshot 2 with the Overtone Analyser from www.sygyt.com The frequency of the harmonics is kept constant, while elements of its subharmonic series is sung in the fundamental voice.

2) Steady Overtone Frequency with Melodic Fundamental. 1:01: A single overtone is being accentuated and kept constant, while the fundamental voice moves melodically. The elements of this melodic movement must belong to the subharmonic series of the accentuated overtone frequency. If the accentuated harmonic had been for instance A5 = 880 Hz, the fundamental melody line should be formed by the frequencies A4= 440 Hz; D4= 293.33 Hz; A3= 220 Hz; F3= 176 Hz; ... etc. In the example the movements of the fundamental consists of minor and major third and perfect fourth intervals.

 

 

Screenshot 3 with the Overtone Analyser from www.sygyt.com Fundamental and harmonics in parallel. Movements of melodic scale P1, M2, m3. Accentuated partial #6.

3) Fundamental and Harmonic in Parallel. 2:09: Fundamental tone and a single accentuated harmonic move in parallel. This is more difficult than it may sound, as every change in the fundamental may require an adjustment of the resonance chamber of the harmonic.

 

 

Screenshot 4 with the Overtone Analyser from www.sygyt.com Fundamental tone is moved up and down in a perfect fourth intervals. The harmonics move upwards step by step and after that downwards step by step.

4) Counterpoint of Fundamental and Harmonic. 2:31: Fundamental and harmonic in counter movement: The fundamental tone may rise while the harmonic fall and vice versa. This is the art of combining two independent melody lines, singing in 'two-part harmony' with yourself.

 

 

5) Subharmonic Singing. Video demonstration by Jan Heinke By using techniques such as strohbass, Mongolian/tuvan kargyraa, Tibetan throat singing, etc. the apparent fundamental shifts one or more steps down into the subharmonic series. Taking off from for example A2= 110 Hz, the vestibular folds and other parts of the oral anatomy come in fluctuations of the half frequency (A1 = 55 Hz). In most cases, the subharmonic will be just one step down – an octave – but it is possible to produce at least the first seven elements of subharmonic series. The subharmonic series has the inverse intervals of the harmonic series, at 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, …. etc. frequency rate, but is not a perfect mirror image: Whereas harmonic overtones are components of any musical sound, the subharmonics are not measurable in the timbre of a given tone. By the subharmonic singing techniques the experience of a new fundamental tone is established. Subharmonic singing may be applied to the situations referred to above.

 

Playlist: Polyphonic Overtone Singers:

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Polyphonic Overtone Singing

(the author is Danish so please submit your corrections of language or factual information. They will be received with gratitude)

Spectographic excerpt from Jan Heinke: Orpheo's AngelSpectographic excerpt from Jan Heinke: Orpheo's Angel


Underneath the text you may find links to various sources of polyphonic overtone singing and to a YouTube Playlist.

Polyphonic Overtone singing may be considered a gem of the universal harmonic language.
It comes to expression through the partially independent movements between the fundamental and the accentuated harmonics of the voice. The fundamental pitch may move upwards while the harmonic moves downwards or vice versa. Alternatively the two layers may be moved in parallel or the harmonic frequency stay fixed while the fundamental is moved.

These facets are not being utilized by the still more commonly known Tuvan and Mongolian singing styles where overtone melodies are produced on top of a sustained drone.

A few weeks ago I spoke with a talented singer who has been part of our harmonic community for years and heard several concerts with polyphonic overtone singers, and she had not even noticed this dimension of expression . And it is not the first time I have come across even very trained listeners who did not perceive all levels.
In other words: It is not only a question of the overtone singers to practice, because it is quite obvious to an attentive ear what takes place. It is also a question of the listeners to train their attention.
Denmark has very few overtone singers and hardly any polyphonic, but we have received several visits from leading polyphonic overtone singers, including David Hykes, Wolfgang Saus, Stuart Hinds, Kiva Simova and Jan Heinke.

The polyphonic aspect has been developed almost solely in the modern western overtone singing tradition, and David Hykes was probably the first to clearly describe and demonstrate its potentials.
Obviously we have not heard all the possibilities yet.

The Spectrography above shows Jan Heinke's polyphonic mastery in the piece Orpheo's Angel, where some basic situations (indicated by yellow brackets) are illustrated within a time interval of less than 10 seconds:

- The first part shows an example of the harmonic frequency (reddish) being sustained, while the fundamental (here blueish) moves one step downwards.

- Immediately after: Three harmonics accentuated from two fundamentals ( here blue-green with red-orange core) and with counter movement: Fundamental goes up while harmonic goes down.

- After the first half is an example of a sustained fundamental frequency (here blue-green with red-orange core), while the harmonic is moved first rapidly upwards, then downwards in three consecutive steps. This situation is in principle not much different from the traditional Eastern forms of overtone singing.

- Last part: Counter movement again: Fundamental moves downwards, while the accentuated harmonic moves upwards.

- The last basic situation – which is not illustrated clearly here – is the parallel motion of the fundamental and harmonic.

... and when in the introduction was written that the harmonic layer can be moved partially independent of the fundamental, it is because the fundamental in principle can slide freely, while the accentuated overtone layer will be 'locked' to the harmonic series arising from the given fundamental, and may jump from one partial to the next. When the harmonic is sustained while the fundamental moves, the movements of the latter must be picked from the subharmonic series of the harmonic (the inverted harmonic series).
However, there are many different intervals in the harmonic series (adjacent intervals become smaller as you progress in the series), and you do not need to follow the series slavishly by for example going from 8 to 9 to 10 (which would be do-re-mi), but you can also go 8-5-9 (do'-mi-re') etc.

The serpent in paradise may be that not all forms of singing do the accentuated overtones justice.
Personally, I often experience the attempt to control and master the harmonics within a limited and defined form takes the magic away from both the one as the other dimension: It may kill the soul of the sound and spoil the beauty of form. Within narrow frames the harmonics are likely to suffer: Optimally the overtones should be allowed to soar, and they should be produced by a voice which also functions well in its basis. Well, at least that is how I feel about it.

An allegory: The development of musical notation has meant incredible breakthroughs for the music of the west, but it has not been a development without costs, including sense of microtones, intonation, ornamentation, modal abundance and the expression of the free soul.
This applies to singing in general.
But more specifically the notation of harmonics in musical score, may be a little bit like performing big band jazz in the Taj Mahal: However wonderful the frame, it may simply not be the optimal setting for that sort of music!

Often it sounds to my ears somewhat intended more than felt. And one fundamental meaning of singing – and not least so when it comes to overtone singing – is to express a stream of emotion.
It is a dilemma, because I think to a large extent this very area, the polyphonic overtone singing, is where an important development can and must take place.
So I hope this article will not be taken as an attempt to keep you from polyphonic experiments, on the contrary.
And I hope along with these experiments the capacity of your voice to reflect, contain and express sentiment also will develope.

That is crucial to music and maybe to singers most of all.


Playlist from YouTube: Polyphonic Overtone Singing

... and a few links which may reflect in which directions this development may currently be heading:

Kiva Simova: Overtone Choir Scores

Stuart Hinds' book An Overtone Experience/ Eine Oberton Erfahrung. Including 15 polyphonic pieces.

Johannes Lind: 50 pieces (25 for women, 25 for male voices) for overtone singers:

Some Thoughts on Music Aesthetics and Overtone Singing. Gisbert Schürig. Debate on Overtone Music Network.

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Overtone Choir music

There is not a lot of notated overtone music out there, particularly for choirs. And even less so when it comes to polyphonic singing.

In the earliest days of the appearance of composed western overtone music, there was Folke Rabe and Stockhausen.

Later on, Sarah Hopkins (Australia) created 'Past Life Melodies', which became internationally known and performed by many choirs around the world. Many such choirs were not overtone choirs, per se, but her piece did not require a high level of skill in the overtone parts.

Stuart Hinds (US) has recently published overtone choir music. His first set of 3 compositions was published in Germany by Hofmeister in 2008, and now he has a larger collection (15) coming out. It's really great to see this getting more attention, and I wish him success in getting this out there in the world. Hopefully, with more written scores available, it will encourage regular choirs to evolve into overtone choirs.

There is also:

Baird Hersey (US)
Linda Alexandersson (Sweden)

I am also trying to get my own compositions out there, and the best way I can think of is to widely offer the scores for free. For example, I don't want to waste any time in having 'The Dawning of the New World' performed, given the sentiment involved. We could use a new world as quickly as possible.

So at present, I offer 8 of my scores (7 originals, 1 arrangement) for free download. If anyone wants mp3s using the Sibelius player (choral library) let me know and I'll send the desired ones.

Kiva's overtone choir scores
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MYSTERIES OF THROAT SINGING

MYSTERIES OF THROAT SINGINGAn enormous collection of singing styles share common elements - opera, jazz, country, blues, rock n roll, gospel, pop, funk, rap, soul, et al. They sing songs, songs with words, words which emphasise whole notes, duration of singing breaths mostly under 10 seconds, and usually within a restricted zone of medium frequencies. Throat singing has none of these parameters.The many styles of throat singing don't need songs or words - vocals are instrumentalised rather than sung. Voices which can sound like piccolos, organ, didgeridoo and bagpipes. No need to sing just one note when 2-6 sounds are achievable with one voice - singers can sing in harmony with themselves, and focus on the fine tonal qualities within the fundamental note. No need to restrict frequency space - a broad range of frequencies are accessible and a singing breath which can last, for some, over a minute.Little wonder throat singing inspires more questions than answers. Where and when did it start and by whom? There is consensus that the earliest accepted beginnings come from Mongolia, which doesn't explain how people in the jungles of Congo Africa, the highlands of Papua New Guinea, or the Andaman Islands began the practice. Perhaps the family tree of Mongolia with its paleolithic migrations grew branches in Tuva, Siberia, Canada, Japan, Nagaland, Taiwan, Sardinia, and Northern Europe while other indigenous peoples began the practice independently. Contemporary gene studies show common genetic linkage between Mongolians, Tuvan, Siberian Eskimos, and Native Americans.Throat singing has been a sacred and shamanistic practice in many of the most isolated and remote communities in some of the coldest and hottest places of human habitation. With many unorthodox components, this exotic art is full misconceptions - both from the outside and the inside worlds. Allow me to attempt to elaborate on these.MISCONCEPTIONS FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD1) Many think it impossible that these sounds could come from the human voice - that the harmonics are actually being created by an instrument or electronic synthesizer. This is the easiest misconception to disprove.2) Mainstream western ears, both popular and classical often perceive throat singing's sounds not to qualify as music. For them music requires a beat, rhythm, words and emphasis on whole notes. Each to their own beach.3) Agents of superstition charge that throat singing's other-worldly qualities can somehow be threatening to the mainstream. This has resulted in persecution of indigenous peoples by authorities of Soviet Russia, Japan, Sweden (18th C), China, and beyond.4) The most ridiculous yet damaging misconception - the evangelistic charge that throat singing is satanic. This has driven missionaries in Asia, Africa, the Americas and Europe to impose culturally genocidal policies upon indigenous peoples, including Canada where it was banned throughout the 20th century. Yet this madness still exists today - a Pentecostal Minster in Victoria, Australia recently banned and tried to obtain all copies of Sarah Hopkins' internationally renowned harmonic composition 'Past Life Melodies'. Yet if it were a threat to Christianity, Sardininian Catholic devotees would not have incorporated throat singing into their devotional songs.MISCONCEPTIONS FROM WITHIN THROAT SINGING COMMUNITIES5) The old misconception that women shouldn't sing harmonics - promoted by number of throat singing cultures even formerly in Tibet and Tuva. Yet among Canadian Inuits and the Xhosa tribe, women are the main throat singing practitioners. The common fear-tactic that women shouldn't throat sing lest they become pregnant or give birth to babies with two heads - has been widespread. In Australia the same fear-mongering is applied to women playing didgeridoo, leaving an uncomfortable vibe for women wanting to play.6) There was once an old misconception among traditional throat singers that the vocal techniques were exclusive to them; that no one else could do it. This is not surprising given how isolated and protected they were from the outside world. As the world gets smaller and more modern this is being effectively debunked.7) It is controversial to question the perception that harmonic overtone singing was invented by David Hykes. Indeed he did obtain a patent on 'harmonic chant' and grandly pioneered throat singing to the west, but it is hard to believe that the many overtone techniques, and the extraordinary purity of sounds had not been explored before the 1980's. Is harmonic overtone singing as modern as rap singing? I don't think so.8) There is an unfortunate misconception by some throat singers that their intoxicating gift makes them a Jesus-like figure. Though mastering this art does extend boundaries of awareness these bounds are not an exclusive domain. There is not simply one master, there are many.9) There is the questionable notion that harmonic overtone singing is not as authentic as known traditional throat singing. I think time will show this to be wrong.10) That throat singing should be secret. I have struck purists who thought that overtone singing should be restricted to discreet presentations in sacred places and churches. Yet there is evidence that throat singing is in serious decline in many of its traditional grounds - the Ainu of Northern Japan most recently lost its last throat singer in 1976. Of the 23 or so traditional throat singing cultures it may be seriously endangered in 20 them. In the 13th century Tibetans incorporated throat singing into their prayers partly to make it unintelligible to the Chinese. But in a monumental major change of policy the Dalai Lama opened Tibetan throat singing to the west in a effort to help Tibetan culture survive. Despite a history of secretivity throat singing can no longer afford to be secret to survive.Paradoxically the very things which have threatened throat singing are now its saviours; the west and technology. Recorded music, video, the internet, television, and the west are giving new life to throat singing in the 21st century.On a personal note I appreciate the efforts and passion of champions of particular throat singing cultures like the Tuva-philes. While I am passionate about the interests and music of traditional throat singing cultures, I am excited by the broader and diverse application of throat singing. It is my belief that there are many more harmonic vocal techniques and sounds no longer practiced, therefore not recognised, and that there is much knowledge about the subject yet to be unearthed. This presents opportunities for exploratory artists to unearth many of these.I'm looking to find out more on the effects overtone singing has neurologically, having been part of a pilot study which involved an EEG wired up to my brain. Preliminary results showed my left prefrontal cortex (the happy centre) lighting up during throat singing.I'd like science to investigate the possibility that throat singing goes back to the origins of human language – in the first stages of learning to speak, harmonics are drawn out - indeed saying words slowly enough actually draws out the harmonics within speech. But despite impressions, this may actually not be not going back far enough. There may be an inter-species connection - a number of animals including monkeys, birds are reported to make sounds very similar to throat singing.My enduring passion for harmonic overtone singing graduates beyond culture - for me it is about spirit, health, and musical issues - and knowledge about consciousness, evolutionary linguistics and many schools of science. It is also about fun and freedom.
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Hi Everyone      Hola a Tod@s

My book is aimed at absolute beginners, with simple and clear exercises which are explained in the text, each exercise is sung on the CD in the note of C - DO to make things easy

El libro está diseñado para principiantes, con explicaciones muy claras y una pista en el CD para cada ejercicio en la nota DO.

The link to buy my book is below the image:      El enlace para comprar el libro está debajo de la imagen

LANGUAGES: English, Spanish, German, Dutch, French and Swedish

IDIOMAS: Español, inglés, alemán, francés, holandés y sueco

Book Cover: Nestor Kornblum's Overtone Instruction Guide

For buy a copy of the book, please click on the link below. This is for a non-physical copy of the book.

Purchase Overtone Guide

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The Octave Spiral - Overtone Visualization

The octave spiral

The octave spiral is a structure that clarifies the ratios of the harmonic series. It illustrates something essential and universal, so it is obvious for anyone to try to understand and experiment with this pattern - first and foremost singers and musicians.
Marco Gianotta has made his design and programming expertise available for the project.
The program will not work in Internet Explorer, but in Edge and other modern browsers.
You can find it here: https://suonoterapia.org/overtones/

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R.I.P.

Growl Voice in Ethnic and Pop Styles

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Musical Acoustics, March 31st to April 3rd 2004 (ISMA2004), Nara, Japan


Ken-Ichi Sakakibara1,2, kis@brl.ntt.co.jp
Leonardo Fuks3, leofuks@serv.com.ufrj.br
Hiroshi Imagawa4, imagawa@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Niro Tayama5,2 ntayama@imcj.hosp.go.jp

1NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Japan
2Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
3School of Music, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
4Department of Speech Physiology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
5International Medical Center of Japan, Japan


Abstract

Among the so-called extended vocal techniques, vocal growl is a rather common effect in some ethnic (e.g. the Xhosa people in South Africa) and pop styles (e.g. Jazz, Louis Armstrong-type) of music. Growl usually consists of simultaneous vibrations of the vocal folds and supraglottal structures of the larynx, either in harmonic or subharmonic co-oscillation.
This paper examines growl mechanism using videofluoroscopy and high-speed imaging, and its acousitcal
characteristics by spectral analysis and model simulation. In growl, the larynx position is usually high and
aryepiglottic folds vibrate. The aryepiglottic constriction is associated to a unique shape of the vocal tract, including the larynx tube, and characterizes growl.


1. Introduction

The term growl is originally referred to as low-pitched sounds uttered by animals, such as dogs, or similar sounds by humans, and therefore is mainly described by auditory-perceptual impression. Growl is widely observed in singing as well as in shouting and aroused speech.The growl phonation has been also referred to as the phonation observed in some singing styles, such as the jazz singing style of Louis Armstrong and Cab Calloway, [2, 3]. Many jazz, blues, and gospel singers often use growl in a similar manner. Besides such pop musics from North America, growl styles are widely found in pop music of other areas: in Brazil, samba singers, particularly in carnival lead voices, pop star Elza Soares, and country singing duo Bruno & Marrone; in Japan, Enka (a popular emotive style) singers, such as Harumi Miyako, employ it frequently. Some singers use growl extensively through a song, while others use it as a vocal effect for expressive emphasis.

In ethnic music, one of the most prominent use of growl is found in umngqokolo, which is a vocal tradition of the Xhosa people in South Africa [11]. In Japanese theatre, Noh percussionist’s voice, Kakegoe, may present growl at the beginning of phonation. Growl may have perceptual similarities with the rough or harsh voice. In terms of phonetics, growl is sometimes described as the voiced aryepiglottic trill [3]. However, there is no clear evidence of its production mechanism, such as physiological observation of the aryepglottic vibration.

In throat singing (Tyvan khöömei and Mongolian khöömij), ventricular and vocal fold vibration was observed for the two different laryngeal voices (drone and kargyraa) [4, 9]. In drone, the basic voice in throat singing with a whistle-like high overtone, the ventricular fold vibration is at the same frequency as the vocal fold vibration. In kargyraa, which usually sounds one octave (or more) lower than the modal register, the ventricular folds vibrate at f0/2 when the vocal folds vibrate at f0. Moreover, some singers can do triple-periodic kargyraa in which the ventricular folds vibrate at f0/3. In this paper, the phonation mode with ventricular and vocal fold vibration is called VVM (vocal-ventricular mode) [4]. In growl, there is no clear evidence of the ventricular fold vibration.

The growl, drone, kargyraa, as well as vocal fry, and some pathological voices may have similar perceptual
characteristics related to roughness, creakiness, or harshness. Their acoustics may also have similar features. Therefore, clarifying differences among these phonations requires careful physiological observation.
In this paper, we examine the production mechanism of the growl phonation. Some of the authors (KIS, LF), who can utter several phonation modes, including the VVM, produced the growl phonation by carefully listening to and imitating various samples, as mentioned above. Observation of the laryngeal adjustment using endoscopic high-speed imaging and X-ray videofluoroscpy (partly reported in [1]), confirm the aryepiglottic vibration in growl. We also discuss the acoustical characteristics and differences between VVM (in particular, kargyraa) and growl.

2. Three-tiered sphincter of the larynx

In the human larynx, there is a three-tiered sphincter comprising the vocal folds, the ventricular folds (false vocal folds), and the aryepiglottic sphincter [7] (Fig. 1). The ventricular folds are incapable of becoming tense, since they contain very few muscle fibres. However, the ventricular folds can be constricted by the action of certain intrinsic laryngeal muscles. In the aryepiglottic region, the constriction is caused by the approximation of the tubercle of the epiglottis (anterior), aryepiglottic folds (lateral), and arytenoids (posterior). In normal phonation, the vibration of the ventricular and aryepiglottic folds is not observed.

Figure 1: Coronal view of the larynx, as seen from behind.


3. X-ray observation

We observed the vertical laryngeal configuration of three different types of phonations (modal, raquo;metallic«, and growl) using X-ray cinematography. Fig. 2 shows a lateral X-ray view of the phonatory apparatus at rest. A wide pharyngeal space between the epiglottis and the arytenoids is observed. The cricoid cartilage is located at about the level of the fifth cervical vertebrae.

image of phonatory apparatus at rest, lateral view

Figure 2: X-ray image of phonatory apparatus at rest, lateral view (subject: LF)


Fig. 3 shows the lateral X-ray views of three different voices: modal (left), “metallic” (center), and growl
(right), in /y/ (close front rounded vowel). The metallic voice has a perceptually metallic impression and, in
terms of usual phonetic usage, can be interpreted as pharyngealized, a little pressed (not necessarily tense), and raised-larynx. White lines are traced along the edges ofthe cricoid, arytenoid, epiglottis, and cervical column. In modal phonation, a wide pharyngeal space is observed. The epiglottis doesn’t depress and its position is almost similar to that when it is at rest. In metallic and growl, the larynx is raised to about the level of the fourth cervical vertebrae. The epiglottis and arytenoid approximate very closely. There is no significant difference of the laryngeal adjustments between metallic and growl.

images of three different phonations

Figure 3: X-ray images of three different phonations of /y/ about in F3 = 177 Hz, lateral views. Left: modal. Center: metallic. Right: growl (Subject: LF).



4. High-speed images

We observed laryngeal movements in growl directly and indirectly by simultaneous recording of high-speed digital images, EGG (Electroglottography) waveforms, and sound waveforms. The high-speed digital images were captured at 4500 frames/s through a endoscope inserted into the mouth cavity of a singer. Sound and EGG waveforms were sampled at 12 b/s and 18 kHz sf. In growl phonation, the aryepglottic region is compressed antero-posteriorly, and the tubercle of the epiglottis and the arytenoid cartilages come into contact (Fig. 4). This antero-posterior compression is in good agreement with the lateral view of growl phonation in Fig. 3. Twosided chinks generated by the contact of the epiglottic tubercle and arytenoids were observed. Each chink is surrounded by the epiglottis, arytenoid, and aryepiglottic fold. In some cases, both aryepiglottic folds vibrate in almost same phase (Fig. 5), and in other cases, the phases of both seem to be slightly different. Furthermore, in some cases, the vibration of the aryepiglottic folds is unstable
and seems to be aperiodic.


Figure 4: Aryepiglottic region in growl, as seen from above. Upper part is posterior (subject: KIS)


Fig. 5 shows the sound waveform (top), EGG waveform (middle, ordinate corresponds to total contact area
of the larynx), and high-speed images. Vertical lines in the sound and EGG are synchronous to the last frames in each column of the high-speed images. The vibrations of the aryepglottic folds are observed in the high-speed images. In this case, the aryepiglottic fold vibration is likely to be periodic and the vibration of each side is mostly synchronous.

High-speed images of growl.

Figure 5: High-speed images of growl. Top: sound. Middle: EGG. Bottom: images. In images, frame step is 1 / 4500 ms (subject: KIS).

From the EGG and sound waveform, it is reasonable to conclude that the vocal folds vibrate alf-periodically
to the aryepiglottic fold vibration. This vibration pattern of the vocal and aryepiglottic folds is same as the VVM with f0/ 2, i.e. kargyraa. The period-double vibration of the aryepiglottic folds generates subharmonics.

Neither the vocal nor ventricular folds were directly observed because the aryepiglottic folds were strongly
constricted. Therefore, it is difficult to prove whether the vocal and ventricular fold vibrate or not. However,
we conclude that the vocal and aryepiglottic folds vibrate and ventricular folds do not. The basis of this conclusion is as follows.
Smooth transition from modal to growl is frequently achieved by various singers and the subjects, therefore, it is reasonable to claim that, in growl, the vocal folds vibrate at almost opposite phases. To take account of the delay of the sound to the EGG, we consider that the maximal excitation of sound and the shape of the EGG waveform were mainly due to the vocal fold vibration. Next, if all three folds had simultaneously vibrated, the phases of their vibration would most likely have been different from each other by aerodynamical constraint. However, it is difficult to ascertain this phenomena from EGG waveform
alone. To verify our claim, it is necessary to directly observe the movements of the three folds.

5. Acoustical analysis

Fig. 6 shows a spectrogram of the growl voice. Subharmonics appeared in growl. Similar subharmonic oscillation has been observed in kargyraa [4, 6, 9], and in some cases of vocal fry [10]. Perceptual clarification of differences among these phonations is important. Here, however, we focus on acoustical differences between growl and kargyraa.

Figure 6: Spectrogram of modal to growl (subject: LF)


Figure 7: Power spectrum of growl (left) and kargyraa (right) of /o/ (subject: LF)


Figure 8: Inverse-filtered source of growl (top) and kargyraa (bottom). Left: sound waveform. Right: power spectrum. Subject: LF.

Fig. 7 shows the power spectra and spectral envelopes of growl and kargyraa. In growl, the range from above 2 kHz has very weak power. Fig. 8 shows the inversefiltered source and its power spectrum of growl and kargyraa. In growl, a pole is observed at about 1.5 kHz, whereas, in kargyraa, below 4 kHz, the power moderately decreases.

Physiologically, generation of subharmonics is concluded to be caused by the vocal fold vibration in vocal
fry, ventricular fold vibration in kargyraa, and the aryepiglottic vibration in growl. In karygraa, the ventricular fold constriction contributes to the generation of the laryngeal ventricle resonance, which appears as a zero in the laryngeal source. In growl, the aryepiglottic constriction constructs a deeper and larger cavity consisting of the laryngeal ventricle, ventricular fold region, and laryngeal vestibule (Figs. 1, 3, 4). Therefore, the resonance frequency of the cavity must be lower than that of the laryngeal ventricle. Fig. 9 shows the spectra of the synthesized laryngeal source obtained using the two-by-two mass model [8]. For simplicity, the aryepiglottic and ventricular fold vibration and vocal tract are omitted. The pole in the source of growl is at about 1.5 k Hz and is lower than in kargyraa.

Figure 9: Synthesized sources and spectra of growl (top) and kargyraa (bottom) using the two-by-two mass model.

We also roughly calculated the resonance frequencies of the laryngeal ventricle for kargyraa and the laryngeal cavity for growl by using a Helmholtz resonator. In kargyraa, we assume that the body cylinder (the laryngeal ventricle) has 0.4 cm height and 1.5 cm2 area and the neck cylinder (the ventricular fold region) 0.8 cm height and several areas. In growl, we assume the body has 2.0 cm height and a 1.02 cm2 cross-sectional area, and the neck (the aryepiglottic area) 0.4 cm height and several areas (Table 1). If the constricted regions have equal area, the resonance frequency of the source in growl is always lower than that in kargyraa.


Table 1: Resonance frequencies in growl and kargyraa, calculated by a Helmholtz resonator.

6. Discussions and conclusions

In growl, the larynx position is higher than in the modal case, and the aryepiglottic region is strongly approximated. The aryepiglottic folds vibrate, as well as vocal folds, and contribute to the subharmonic oscillation. The resonance frequency of the cavity induced by the aryepiglottic constriction is lower than that of the laryngeal ventricle, and this characterizes the growl voice. The mechanism of the supraglottal constriction is still controversial. The supraglottal constriction is widely considered to be caused by an activity of the aryepiglottic muscle, however, from our physiological observations and previous histological observation of the supraglottal muscles [5], the constrictions of the aryepiglottic and ventricular folds are presumably caused by different mechanisms.
The power of the subharmonics in growl is seemingly lower than in kargyraa, but further analysis is needed to clarify this. Perceptual evaluation of differences among various subharmonic phonations, such as growl, kargyraa, and vocal fry, will be addressed as future work. Analysis of other perceptually similar singing styles, such as Sardinian singing, will also be addressed as future work. Acknowledgments We thank Samuel Araújo, Parham Mokhtari, Seiji Niimi, Makoto Ogawa, Satoshi Takeuchi, and MamikoWada for
their helpful discussions.


References

[1] S. Araújo and L. Fuks. Prácticas vocais no samba carioca: un di´alogo entre a acústica musical e a etnomusicologia, In N. M. Claudia and T. M. Refnanda and T. Elizabeth Ed., Ao encontro da Palavra Cantada: poesia, m´usica e voz, pp.278–288, Viveiros de Castro Ltda., 2001.
[2] J. C. Catford. Fundamental Problems in Phonetics, Edinburgh Univ. Press., 1977.
[3] J. H. Esling. Pharyngeal consonants and the aryepiglottic sphincter, J. International Phonetics Association, 26(2):65–88, 1996.
[4] L. Fuks, B. Hammarberg, and J. Sundberg. A self-sustained vocalventricular phonation mode: acoustical, aerodynamic and glottographic evidences, KTH TMH-QPSR,3/1998:49–59, 1998.
[5] M. Kimura, K.-I. Sakakibara, H. Imagawa, R. Chan, S. Niimi, and N. Tayama. Histological investigation of the supra-glottal structures in human for understanding abnormal phonation, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 112:2446, 2002.
[6] P.-A . Lindestad, M. Sodersten, B. Merker, and S. Granqvist. Voice Source Characteristics in Mongolian "Throat Singing" Studied with High-Speed Imaging Technique, Acoustic Spectra, and Inverse Filtering, J. Voice, 15(1):78–85, 2001.
[7] J. J. Pressman. Sphincters of the larynx, A. M. A. Arch. Otolaryngol., 59(2):221–236, 1954.
[8] K.-I. Sakakibara, H. Imagawa, S. Niimi, and N. Osaka. Synthesis of the laryngeal source of throat singing using a 2x2-mass model, Proc. ICMC 2002, 5–8, 2002.
[9] K.-I. Sakakibara, T. Konishi, K. Kondo, E. Z. Murano, M. Kumada, H. Imagawa, and S. Niimi. Vocal fold and false vocal fold vibrations and synthesis of khöömei, Proc. of ICMC 2001, 135–138, 2001.
[10] R. L. Whitehead, D. E. Metz, and B. H. Whitehead. Vibratory patterns of the vocal folds during pulse register phonation, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75(4):1293–1297, (1984).
[11] H. Zemp, Ed. Les Voix du Monde — Une anthologie des expressions vocales. 3 vol. CDs with book, CMX374 1010.12, CNRS/Mus´ee de l’Homme, 1996.
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